Infectious Diseases

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Review Infectious Diseases

A clinical case definition of post-COVID-19 condition by a Delphi consensus

Joan B. Soriano, Srinivas Murthy, John C. Marshall, Pryanka Relan, Janet V. Diaz

Summary: People with COVID-19 might experience long-term symptoms known as long COVID or long-haul COVID. The lack of a standardized definition hinders the understanding and treatment of this condition. In a WHO-led Delphi process, a consensus definition was developed, stating that post-COVID-19 condition occurs in individuals with a history of SARS-CoV-2 infection, with symptoms lasting for at least 2 months and impacting everyday functioning. This common framework provides a foundation for future studies and therapy.

LANCET INFECTIOUS DISEASES (2022)

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Article Infectious Diseases

Clinical features and management of human monkeypox: a retrospective observational study in the UK

Hugh Adler, Susan Gould, Paul Hine, Luke B. Snell, Waison Wong, Catherine F. Houlihan, Jane C. Osborne, Tommy Rampling, Mike Bj Beadsworth, Christopher Ja Duncan, Jake Dunning, Tom E. Fletcher, Ewan R. Hunter, Michael Jacobs, Saye H. Khoo, William Newsholme, David Porter, Robert J. Porter, Libuse Ratcliffe, Matthias L. Schmid, Malcolm G. Semple, Anne J. Tunbridge, Tom Wingfield, Nicholas M. Price

Summary: This study retrospectively observed the clinical course of monkeypox in seven patients in the UK from 2018 to 2021. The study found that prolonged PCR positivity led to isolation of five patients for more than 3 weeks. Three patients treated with brincidofovir developed elevated liver enzymes, leading to termination of the therapy. One patient treated with tecovirimat experienced no adverse effects and had a shorter duration of viral shedding and illness compared to the other six patients.

LANCET INFECTIOUS DISEASES (2022)

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Article Infectious Diseases

Increased reports of severe myocarditis associated with enterovirus infection in neonates, United Kingdom, 27 June 2022 to 26 April 2023

Anika Singanayagam, Catherine Moore, Susannah Froude, Cristina Celma, Julia Stowe, Erjola Hani, Khuen Foong Ng, Peter Muir, Marion Roderick, Simon Cottrell, David F. Bibby, Barry Vipond, Sophie Gillett, Peter J. Davis, Jack Gibb, Mai Barry, Phillippa Harris, Frances Rowley, Jiao Song, Ananda Giri Shankar, Danielle Mcmichael, Jonathan M. Cohen, Abirami Manian, Ciaran Harvey, Louise Shaw Primrose, Stefanie Wilson, Declan T. Bradley, Karthik Paranthaman, Stuart Beard, Maria Zambon, Mary Ramsay, Vanessa Saliba, Shamez Ladhani, Christopher Williams

Summary: Enteroviruses commonly cause seasonal childhood infections, with most cases being mild and self-limiting. However, severe disease can occur in neonates, including the rare complication of myocarditis. This article reports on a cluster of 20 severe neonatal enteroviral myocarditis cases caused by coxsackie B viruses in the United Kingdom. Sixteen cases required critical care support and two resulted in death. Enterovirus PCR on whole blood was found to be the most sensitive diagnostic test. The aim of this article is to raise awareness among paediatricians, laboratories, and public health specialists.

EUROSURVEILLANCE (2023)

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Article Infectious Diseases

Hospital admission and emergency care attendance risk for SARS-CoV-2 delta (B.1.617.2) compared with alpha (B.1.1.7) variants of concern: a cohort study

Katherine A. Twohig, Tommy Nyberg, Asad Zaidi, Simon Thelwall, Mary A. Sinnathamby, Shirin Aliabadi, Shaun R. Seaman, Ross J. Harris, Russell Hope, Jamie Lopez-Bernal, Eileen Gallagher, Andre Charlett, Daniela De Angelis, Anne M. Presanis, Gavin Dabrera

Summary: A study in England found that patients with COVID-19 infected with the delta variant were more likely to be admitted to hospital or attend emergency care compared to those infected with the alpha variant. This suggests that outbreaks of the delta variant in unvaccinated populations may pose a greater burden on healthcare services.

LANCET INFECTIOUS DISEASES (2022)

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Article Infectious Diseases

Community transmission and viral load kinetics of the SARS-CoV-2 delta (B.1.617.2) variant in vaccinated and unvaccinated individuals in the UK: a prospective, longitudinal, cohort study

Anika Singanayagam, Seran Hakki, Jake Dunning, Kieran J. Madon, Michael A. Crone, Aleksandra Koycheva, Nieves Derqui-Fernandez, Jack L. Barnett, Michael G. Whitfield, Robert Varro, Andre Charlett, Rhia Kundu, Joe Fenn, Jessica Cutajar, Valerie Quinn, Emily Conibear, Wendy Barclay, Paul S. Freemont, Graham P. Taylor, Shazaad Ahmad, Maria Zambon, Neil M. Ferguson, Ajit Lalvani

Summary: Vaccination reduces the risk of delta variant infection and accelerates viral clearance. However, fully vaccinated individuals with breakthrough infections may still have similar peak viral loads as unvaccinated cases and can efficiently transmit the infection.

LANCET INFECTIOUS DISEASES (2022)

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Review Infectious Diseases

Comparing COVID-19 vaccines for their characteristics, efficacy and effectiveness against SARS-CoV-2 and variants of concern: a narrative review

Thibault Fiolet, Yousra Kherabi, Conor-James MacDonald, Jade Ghosn, Nathan Peiffer-Smadja

Summary: Overall, COVID-19 vaccines have high efficacy against the original strain and variants of concern, with rare serious adverse events. However, prices vary significantly for different vaccines.

CLINICAL MICROBIOLOGY AND INFECTION (2022)

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Article Infectious Diseases

Risk factors and disease profile of post-vaccination SARS-CoV-2 infection in UK users of the COVID Symptom Study app: a prospective, community-based, nested, case-control study

Michela Antonelli, Rose S. Penfold, Jordi Merino, Carole H. Sudre, Erika Molteni, Sarah Berry, Liane S. Canas, Mark S. Graham, Kerstin Klaser, Marc Modat, Benjamin Murray, Eric Kerfoot, Liyuan Chen, Jie Deng, Marc F. Osterdahl, Nathan J. Cheetham, David A. Drew, Long H. Nguyen, Joan Capdevila Pujol, Christina Hu, Somesh Selvachandran, Lorenzo Polidori, Anna May, Jonathan Wolf, Andrew T. Chan, Alexander Hammers, Emma L. Duncan, Tim D. Spector, Sebastien Ourselin, Claire J. Steves

Summary: Despite the high efficacy of COVID-19 vaccines, some individuals still become infected with SARS-CoV-2 post-vaccination. Risk factors for post-vaccination infection include frailty in older adults, living in deprived areas, and obesity. Vaccination is associated with reduced odds of severe symptoms and long-duration illness. The findings suggest the importance of targeting at-risk populations and maintaining infection control measures even in vaccinated individuals.

LANCET INFECTIOUS DISEASES (2022)

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Article Immunology

Reduced Incidence of Long Coronavirus Disease Referrals to the Cambridge University Teaching Hospital Long Coronavirus Disease Clinic

Benjamin A. Krishna, Marina Metaxaki, Mark R. Wills, Nyaradzai Sithole

Summary: Vaccination in the United Kingdom is associated with a 79% reduction in long COVID referrals, indicating the potential of vaccines in decreasing chronic symptoms.

CLINICAL INFECTIOUS DISEASES (2023)

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Review Immunology

Airborne or Droplet Precautions for Health Workers Treating Coronavirus Disease 2019?

Prateek Bahl, Con Doolan, Charitha de Silva, Abrar Ahmad Chughtai, Lydia Bourouiba, C. Raina MacIntyre

Summary: Cases of COVID-19 have been reported worldwide, with a high number of healthcare workers being infected. There are conflicting guidelines for COVID-19 prevention, and the available evidence does not support droplet precautions and a 1- to 2-meter spatial separation rule.

JOURNAL OF INFECTIOUS DISEASES (2022)

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Article Immunology

Exportation of Monkeypox Virus From the African Continent

Matthew R. Mauldin, Andrea M. McCollum, Yoshinori J. Nakazawa, Anna Mandra, Erin R. Whitehouse, Whitni Davidson, Hui Zhao, Jinxin Gao, Yu Li, Jeffrey Doty, Adesola Yinka-Ogunleye, Afolabi Akinpelu, Olusola Aruna, Dhamari Naidoo, Kuiama Lewandowski, Babak Afrough, Victoria Graham, Emma Aarons, Roger Hewson, Richard Vipond, Jake Dunning, Meera Chand, Colin Brown, Inbar Cohen-Gihon, Noam Erez, Ohad Shifman, Ofir Israeli, Melamed Sharon, Eli Schwartz, Adi Beth-Din, Anat Zvi, Tze Minn Mak, Yi Kai Ng, Lin Cui, Raymond T. P. Lin, Victoria A. Olson, Tim Brooks, Nir Paran, Chikwe Ihekweazu, Mary G. Reynolds

Summary: There is no direct linkage between the individuals who exported the monkeypox cases from Nigeria, but there is limited genetic variation among the viruses, suggesting a possible common source or independent infections within a small geographic area.

JOURNAL OF INFECTIOUS DISEASES (2022)

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Article Infectious Diseases

Epidemiological, clinical and virological characteristics of four cases of monkeypox support transmission through sexual contact, Italy, May 2022

Andrea Antinori, Valentina Mazzotta, Serena Vita, Fabrizio Carletti, Danilo Tacconi, Laura Emma Lapini, Alessandra D'Abramo, Stefania Cicalini, Daniele Lapa, Silvia Pittalis, Vincenzo Puro, Marco Rivano Capparuccia, Emanuela Giombini, Cesare Ernesto Maria Gruber, Anna Rosa Garbuglia, Alessandra Marani, Francesco Vairo, Enrico Girardi, Francesco Vaia, Emanuele Nicastri

Summary: Since May 2022, there has been an ongoing monkeypox outbreak in non-endemic countries. Four cases in young adult men in Italy, who engaged in condomless sexual intercourse, were reported. The patients are in good clinical condition and do not require specific antiviral drugs. Monkeypox viral DNA was detected in seminal fluid samples. The possibility of sexual transmission of monkeypox virus needs to be investigated.

EUROSURVEILLANCE (2022)

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Article Infectious Diseases

Global impact of the first year of COVID-19 vaccination: a mathematical modelling study

Oliver J. Watson, Gregory Barnsley, Jaspreet Toor, Alexandra B. Hogan, Peter Winskill, Azra C. Ghani

Summary: A study quantified the global impact of the first year of COVID-19 vaccination programs, finding that the vaccination has substantially altered the course of the pandemic, saving tens of millions of lives globally. However, inadequate access to vaccines in low-income countries has limited the impact, reinforcing the need for global vaccine equity and coverage.

LANCET INFECTIOUS DISEASES (2022)

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Article Infectious Diseases

Neutralising antibody titres as predictors of protection against SARS-CoV-2 variants and the impact of boosting: a meta-analysis

Deborah Cromer, Megan Steain, Arnold Reynaldi, Timothy E. Schlub, Adam K. Wheatley, Jennifer A. Juno, Stephen J. Kent, James A. Triccas, David S. Khoury, Miles P. Davenport

Summary: By analyzing data on in-vitro neutralization and clinical protection, the study found that neutralizing activity against the ancestral SARS-CoV-2 is highly correlated with neutralization of variants of concern, and can still predict the vaccine's protection against these variants. Simulation results suggest that booster vaccination for previously infected individuals can provide higher levels of protection compared to primary vaccination. Although the protection may decrease within the first year after vaccination, the current vaccines can still offer robust protection in the medium term.

LANCET MICROBE (2022)

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Review Immunology

Global Prevalence of Post-Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19) Condition or Long COVID: A Meta-Analysis and Systematic Review

Chen Chen, Spencer R. Haupert, Lauren Zimmermann, Xu Shi, Lars G. Fritsche, Bhramar Mukherjee

Summary: This study reveals a substantial prevalence of post-COVID-19 condition worldwide. Hospitalized patients have a higher prevalence compared to non-hospitalized ones. Fatigue is the most commonly reported symptom.

JOURNAL OF INFECTIOUS DISEASES (2022)

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Article Immunology

Omicron variant showed lower neutralizing sensitivity than other SARS-CoV-2 variants to immune sera elicited by vaccines after boost

Jingwen Ai, Haocheng Zhang, Yi Zhang, Ke Lin, Yanliang Zhang, Jing Wu, Yanming Wan, Yanfang Huang, Jieyu Song, Zhangfan Fu, Hongyu Wang, Jingxin Guo, Ning Jiang, Mingxiang Fan, Yang Zhou, Yuanhan Zhao, Qiran Zhang, Qiang Liu, Jing Lv, Peiyao Li, Chao Qiu, Wenhong Zhang

Summary: This study explored the immunogenicity of different vaccination strategies against the Omicron variant of SARS-CoV-2. The results showed that the Omicron variant has a high immune escape ability compared to other variants, but heterologous protein subunit vaccines and homologous inactivated vaccine boosters can improve neutralization against Omicron.

EMERGING MICROBES & INFECTIONS (2022)

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Article Immunology

Neutralization of Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus 2 Omicron Variant by Sera From BNT162b2 or CoronaVac Vaccine Recipients

Lu Lu, Bobo Wing-Yee Mok, Lin-Lei Chen, Jacky Man-Chun Chan, Owen Tak-Yin Tsang, Bosco Hoi-Shiu Lam, Vivien Wai-Man Chuang, Allen Wing-Ho Chu, Wan-Mui Chan, Jonathan Daniel Ip, Brian Pui-Chun Chan, Ruiqi Zhang, Cyril Chik-Yan Yip, Vincent Chi-Chung Cheng, Kwok-Hung Chan, Dong-Yan Jin, Ivan Fan-Ngai Hung, Kwok-Yung Yuen, Honglin Chen, Kelvin Kai-Wang To

Summary: Immune sera from BNT162b2 and Coronavac recipients showed reduced neutralizing antibody titers against the omicron variant. The presence of the spike R346K mutation did not affect the neutralization susceptibility.

CLINICAL INFECTIOUS DISEASES (2022)

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Review Infectious Diseases

Real-world effectiveness of COVID-19 vaccines: a literature review and meta-analysis

Caifang Zheng, Weihao Shao, Xiaorui Chen, Bowen Zhang, Gaili Wang, Weidong Zhang

Summary: A meta-analysis showed that COVID-19 vaccines have high efficacy in real-world settings, providing significant protection against SARS-CoV-2-related diseases. Fully vaccinated individuals had vaccine effectiveness of 89.1% against infection, 97.2% against hospitalization, 97.4% against ICU admission, and 99.0% against death.

INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF INFECTIOUS DISEASES (2022)

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Article Immunology

Clinical and Virological Features of Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) Variants of Concern: A Retrospective Cohort Study Comparing B.1.1.7 (Alpha), B.1.351 (Beta), and B.1.617.2 (Delta)

Sean Wei Xiang Ong, Calvin J. Chiew, Li Wei Ang, Tze-Minn Mak, Lin Cui, Matthias Paul H. S. Toh, Yi Ding Lim, Pei Hua Lee, Tau Hong Lee, Po Ying Chia, Sebastian Maurer-Stroh, Raymond T. P. Lin, Yee-Sin Leo, Vernon J. Lee, David Chien Lye, Barnaby Edward Young

Summary: The study revealed an association between infection with the B.1.617.2 variant and increased disease severity, higher viral loads, and prolonged duration of viral shedding. Vaccination remained protective against severe outcomes.

CLINICAL INFECTIOUS DISEASES (2022)

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Article Immunology

Persistent Symptoms in Adult Patients 1 Year After Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19): A Prospective Cohort Study

Jessica Seessle, Tim Waterboer, Theresa Hippchen, Julia Simon, Marietta Kirchner, Adeline Lim, Barbara Mueller, Uta Merle

Summary: Long COVID, defined as persistent symptoms after SARS-CoV-2 infection, can last for at least 1 year and significantly impact life quality. Neurocognitive symptoms, possibly related to autoimmunity indicated by elevated ANA titers, are more common in females and can persist even when SARS-CoV-2 antibody levels are not significantly different from patients without symptoms.

CLINICAL INFECTIOUS DISEASES (2022)

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Article Infectious Diseases

European Society of Clinical Microbiology and Infectious Diseases (ESCMID) guidelines for the treatment of infections caused by multidrug-resistant Gram-negative bacilli (endorsed by European society of intensive care medicine)

Mical Paul, Elena Carrara, Pilar Retamar, Thomas Tangden, Roni Bitterman, Robert A. Bonomo, Jan de Waele, George L. Daikos, Murat Akova, Stephan Harbarth, Celine Pulcini, Jose Garnacho-Montero, Katja Seme, Mario Tumbarello, Paul Christoffer Lindemann, Sumanth Gandra, Yunsong Yu, Matteo Bassetti, Johan W. Mouton, Evelina Tacconelli, Jesus Rodriguez-Bano

Summary: These guidelines address the targeted antibiotic treatment of 3GCephRE and carbapenem-resistant Gram-negative bacteria, focusing on the effectiveness of individual antibiotics and on combination versus monotherapy. Most recommendations are based on low-certainty evidence.

CLINICAL MICROBIOLOGY AND INFECTION (2022)

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