Review
Immunology
Changqing Yu, Guosheng Wang, Qiang Liu, Jingbo Zhai, Mengzhou Xue, Qiang Li, Yuanhua Xian, Chunfu Zheng
Summary: Viral envelope glycoproteins play a crucial role in viral infections. Host cells have developed counteracting mechanisms to suppress viral replication by targeting their envelope glycoproteins. Some host antiviral proteins have been found to inhibit furin cleavage of viral envelope glycoproteins, impairing viral infectivity. This review summarizes these host antiviral factors and their roles in reducing furin cleavage, providing insights for future antiviral studies.
EMERGING MICROBES & INFECTIONS
(2023)
Article
Immunology
Xiaohan Yang, Yuanyuan Li, Yuan Tang, Zhiyu Li, Sanfeng Wang, Xiping Luo, Tianwen He, Aihua Yin, Mingyong Luo
Summary: This study investigated the long-term changes of HPV prevalence in Guangzhou, China from 2015 to 2021. The overall prevalence of HPV was 21.66% and showed a significant increase over the years. HPV52, 16, 58, CP8304, 51, 53, 39, and 68 were the most common types. HPV infections were associated with cervical intraepithelial neoplasia and were age-specific. Multiple HPV types were found in 26.51% of cases. HPV infections typically cleared within 16 months, with HPV16 clearing faster than other types. These findings provide important information for evaluating HPV vaccination and cervical cancer prevention strategies in south China.
EMERGING MICROBES & INFECTIONS
(2023)
Article
Immunology
Jeong-Hwan Hwang, Yeon Seok You, Sang Woo Yeom, Min Gyu Lee, Jong-hwan Lee, Min Gul Kim, Jong Seung Kim
Summary: In order to investigate the association between influenza infection and subsequent severity of SARS-CoV-2 infection, a nationwide cohort study was conducted in South Korea. The study included 274,126 individuals who underwent SARS-CoV-2 PCR testing, with 28,338 testing positive for SARS-CoV-2 and 4,003 of them having a history of influenza. The results showed that individuals with a history of influenza within 1 year before COVID-19 infection had an increased risk of experiencing severe illness from SARS-CoV-2 infection. Public health control measures, including influenza vaccination and hygiene practices, are essential to control the burden of these infections.
EMERGING MICROBES & INFECTIONS
(2023)
Article
Immunology
Hongqin Xu, Hongyan Li, Hailong You, Peng Zhang, Nan Li, Nan Jiang, Yang Cao, Ling Qin, Guixiang Qin, Hongbo Qu, Heyuan Wang, Bo Zou, Xia He, Dan Li, Huazhong Zhao, Gang Huang, Yang Li, Hefeng Zhang, Liping Zhu, Hongmei Qiao, Hongjun Li, Shurong Liu, Lina Gu, Guidong Yin, Ye Hu, Songbai Xu, Weiying Guo, Nanya Wang, Chaoying Liu, Pujun Gao, Jie Cao, Yang Zheng, Kaiyu Zhang, Yang Wang, Hui Chen, Jian Zhang, Dongmei Mu, Junqi Niu
Summary: In spring 2022, there was a rapid spread of the Omicron variant in Jilin Province, China. A study using real-world data showed that inactivated COVID-19 vaccines were effective in reducing the risk of pneumonia and severe disease. Booster vaccination further enhanced this protective effect.
EMERGING MICROBES & INFECTIONS
(2023)
Article
Immunology
Lin-Yu Wan, Hui-Huang Huang, Cheng Zhen, Si-Yuan Chen, Bing Song, Wen-Jing Cao, Li-Li Shen, Ming-Ju Zhou, Xiao-Chang Zhang, Ruonan Xu, Xing Fan, Ji-Yuan Zhang, Ming Shi, Chao Zhang, Yan-Mei Jiao, Jin-Wen Song, Fu-Sheng Wang
Summary: Chronic HIV-1 infection leads to chronic inflammation and T cell dysregulation. Proteomic analysis identified certain inflammation-related proteins (IRPs) that are closely associated with T cell dysregulation, while other proteins are negatively correlated with the size of the HIV-1 reservoir. These findings provide important insights into the mechanism of immune dysregulation during chronic HIV-1 infection.
EMERGING MICROBES & INFECTIONS
(2023)
Article
Immunology
I-Jung Lee, Yu-Hua Lan, Ping-Yi Wu, Yan-Wei Wu, Yu-Hung Chen, Sheng-Che Tseng, Tzu-Jiun Kuo, Cheng-Pu Sun, Jia-Tsrong Jan, Hsiu-Hua Ma, Chun-Che Liao, Jian-Jong Liang, Hui-Ying Ko, Chih-Shin Chang, Wen-Chun Liu, Yi-An Ko, Yen-Hui Chen, Zong-Lin Sie, Szu- Tsung, Yi-Ling Lin, I-Hsuan Wang, Mi-Hua Tao
Summary: This study developed a subunit vaccine, ASD254, encapsulating the SARS-CoV-2 spike receptor-binding domain (RBD) protein using a nanoparticle vaccine platform. ASD254 showed higher RBD-specific antibody titers and generated significantly more neutralizing antibodies compared to the aluminum-adjuvant RBD vaccine. Mice vaccinated with ASD254 exhibited protective immune responses against SARS-CoV-2, with no detectable viral loads and reduced lung lesions, and the neutralizing antibodies lasted for at least one year and were effective against various SARS-CoV-2 variants.
EMERGING MICROBES & INFECTIONS
(2023)
Article
Immunology
Renan Le Cras, Roseline Mazet, Fanny Dubois-Teklali, Cecile Sabourdy, Sebastien Chanoine, Audrey Lehmann, Agathe Morin, Julien Leenhardt, Marjorie Durand, Marie-Dominique Desruet, Pierrick Bedouch
Summary: Subacute sclerosing panencephalitis (SSPE) is a late-onset and fatal viral disease caused by persistent infection of the central nervous system by measles virus (MeV). In this study, we present a case of a 10-year-old child from South Asia affected by SSPE, who was stabilized with a combination of intrathecal interferon-alpha 2b (INF-alpha 2b) injections and oral inosiplex. We also describe how we continued the treatment when inosiplex was commercially stopped worldwide.
EMERGING MICROBES & INFECTIONS
(2023)
Article
Immunology
Yanghua Xiao, Weihua Han, Bingjie Wang, Yanlei Xu, Huilin Zhao, Xinyi Wang, Lulin Rao, Jiao Zhang, Li Shen, Hui Zhou, Long Hu, Junhong Shi, Jingyi Yu, Yinjuan Guo, Han Xia, Fangyou Yu
Summary: This study identified 52 MRSA ST764-SCCmec type II isolates in China, with the most common spa types being t002 and t1084. It was found that ST764-t1084 isolates had high haemolytic activity and alpha-toxin levels, with SaeRS being highly expressed. ST764-t002 isolates exhibited stronger biofilm formation and cell adhesion capacities. Genomic analysis revealed that the 52 ST764 isolates in China did not carry arginine catabolic mobile element (ACME) and had a deletion in the SCCmec II cassette region.
EMERGING MICROBES & INFECTIONS
(2023)
Article
Immunology
Louisa L. Y. Chan, Akshamal M. Gamage, Chee Wah Tan, Kai Sen Tan, Jing Liu, Douglas Jie Wen Tay, Randy Jee Hiang Foo, Laurent Renia, De Yun Wang, Lin-Fa Wang
Summary: In this study, researchers successfully established in vitro culture systems for bat airway organoids and airway epithelial cells, which are valuable for studying the interactions between bats and pathogens. These model systems are critical for assessing the susceptibility of different bat species to viruses and the potential of bats as reservoirs for emerging infectious agents.
EMERGING MICROBES & INFECTIONS
(2023)
Article
Immunology
Yuan Tian, Zihao Fan, Ling Xu, Yaling Cao, Sisi Chen, Zhenzhen Pan, Yao Gao, Hao Li, Sujun Zheng, Yingmin Ma, Zhongping Duan, Xiangying Zhang, Feng Ren
Summary: A colloidal gold test strip was developed for the detection of hepatitis B virus (HBV) DNA based on CRISPR/Cas13a and RAA technology. It demonstrated high sensitivity and specificity, effectively identifying HBV-infected patients and dynamic plasma samples of patients on antiviral therapy. This study provides a visual and faster alternative to current PCR-based diagnosis for HBV infection.
EMERGING MICROBES & INFECTIONS
(2023)
Article
Immunology
John Paul Cauchi, Ausra Dziugyte, Maria-Louise Borg, Tanya Melillo, Graziella Zahra, Christopher Barbara, Jorgen Souness, Steve Agius, Neville Calleja, Charmaine Gauci, Pauline Vassallo, Joaquin Baruch
Summary: Administration of the third dose of COVID-19 vaccinations coincided with the spread of the Omicron variant in Europe by December 2021. A study in Malta showed that participants with prior SARS-CoV-2 infection had lower odds of being infected with the Omicron variant. The timing of infection and vaccination played a role in reducing the odds of infection.
EMERGING MICROBES & INFECTIONS
(2023)
Review
Immunology
Sergio Candel, Sylwia D. D. Tyrkalska, Carmen Alvarez-Santacruz, Victoriano Mulero
Summary: The development of novel culture-independent techniques has significantly advanced the understanding of the nasopharyngeal microbiota and its role in health and disease. Research on the association between the nasopharyngeal microbiota and COVID-19 severity or outcome has yielded controversial results, possibly due to design limitations. This work compiles and discusses relevant results to date, highlighting the limitations and variability of previous studies.
EMERGING MICROBES & INFECTIONS
(2023)
Article
Immunology
Xiaowen Li, Yiwan Song, Xinyan Wang, Cheng Fu, Feifan Zhao, Linke Zou, Keke Wu, Wenxian Chen, Zhaoyao Li, Jindai Fan, Yuwan Li, Bingke Li, Sen Zeng, Xiaodi Liu, Mingqiu Zhao, Lin Yi, Jinding Chen, Shuangqi Fan
Summary: CSFV infection alters innate host immunity by activating the interferon pathway, inhibiting host inflammation, apoptosis, and remodelling host metabolism in porcine alveolar macrophages. Autophagy can further alter innate immunity and metabolism induced by CSFV infection. Silencing HK2 induces autophagy but reduces the interferon signalling pathway, NF-kappa B signalling pathway, and inhibition of apoptosis induced by CSFV infection.
EMERGING MICROBES & INFECTIONS
(2023)
Article
Immunology
Aditi Sharma, Sajan Chandrangadhan Achi, Stella-Rita Ibeawuchi, Mahitha Shree Anandachar, Hobie Gementera, Uddeep Chaudhury, Fatima Usmani, Kevin Vega, Ibrahim M. Sayed, Soumita Das
Summary: Microbial sensors are crucial for maintaining cellular homoeostasis, but their role in differential immune response and inflammatory diseases remains limited. This study reveals the interaction between ELMO1 and NOD2 in pathogen sensing and intestinal inflammation. Notably, overexpression of ELMO1 and mutant NOD2 failed to clear adherent invasive E. coli associated with Crohn's disease. Further investigation using EDMs and macrophages highlights the impact of ELMO1-NOD2 crosstalk on bacterial load and disease pathogenesis.
Review
Immunology
Jessica E. Buddle, Robert P. Fagan
Summary: Clostridioides difficile is a common cause of hospital-associated diarrhea, with high recurrence, morbidity, and mortality rates. Antibiotics are both the main treatment and a major risk factor for infection. The increasing multidrug resistance of C. difficile poses an urgent threat to global health. This review focuses on the virulence factors, antimicrobial resistance, and genome plasticity that enable the pathogenesis and persistence of this important pathogen.
Article
Immunology
Jiahui Shi, Songhao Jiang, Qiang Wang, Jilin Dong, Huiming Zhu, Peijia Wang, Shuhong Meng, Zhenpeng Zhang, Lei Chang, Guibin Wang, Xiaoqin Xu, Ping Xu, Yao Zhang
Summary: In this study, a chicken colibacillosis model was constructed by injecting E. coli O78 into the chicken's peritoneal cavity. The protein expression in the spleen at different time points post-infection was analyzed using quantitative proteomics. Dysregulation of proteins at 72 hours post-infection was observed, and transcriptomics was used to assess the changes at the mRNA level. The dysregulated proteins and genes were found to be enriched in phagosome and lysosome pathways. This study provides insights into the genetic dysregulation in the chicken spleen after E. coli infection and identifies candidate genes involved in the host response.
Article
Immunology
Anne-Marie Chausse, Sylvie M. Roche, Marco Moroldo, Christelle Hennequet-Antier, Sebastien Holbert, Florent Kempf, Emilie Barilleau, Jerome Trotereau, Philippe Velge
Summary: This study describes the transcriptomic reprogramming of IEC-6 intestinal epithelial cell line to Salmonella Typhimurium strains that invaded cells by trigger or zipper mechanisms. Regardless of the entry mechanism, the transcriptomic reprogramming of the cell was similar. However, when comparing gene expression between exposed and unexposed cells, the transcriptomic reprogramming of exposed cells was significantly different, indicating the impact of Salmonella infection. The activation of target genes of the aryl hydrocarbon receptor and modulation of extracellular matrix genes were observed during Salmonella infection.
Article
Immunology
Jing Huang, Yan Guo, Shujuan Yu, Dongshu Wang, Shulei Li, Jun Wu, Peng Sun, Li Zhu, Hengliang Wang, Chao Pan
Summary: In this study, a high-performance bioconjugate nanovaccine against different species of Brucella was developed by coupling polysaccharide antigens with nano carriers. The nanovaccine exhibited pronounced and extensive protective effects in mice.
Review
Immunology
Martin Strnad, Natalie Rudenko, Ryan O. M. Rego
Summary: This review discusses the various well-defined and possible novel strategies and virulence mechanisms used by B. burgdorferi to evade obstacles during colonization and infection by tick vectors and mammalian hosts.
Article
Immunology
Yu-Xin Lei, Yang Liu, Li-Hua Xing, Yu-Jing Wu, Xue-Yin Wang, Fan-Hua Meng, Ya-Nan Lou, Zhao-Guo Ma, Lin Yuan, Shui-Xing Yu
Summary: This study revealed the importance of MLKL in the host defense response against Streptococcus pluranimalium infection, suggesting MLKL as a potential drug target for preventing and controlling pathogen infection.
