Infectious Diseases

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Article Immunology

SARS-CoV-2 Omicron variant shows less efficient replication and fusion activity when compared with Delta variant in TMPRSS2-expressed cells

Hanjun Zhao, Lu Lu, Zheng Peng, Lin-Lei Chen, Xinjin Meng, Chuyuan Zhang, Jonathan Daniel Ip, Wan-Mui Chan, Allen Wing-Ho Chu, Kwok-Hung Chan, Dong-Yan Jin, Honglin Chen, Kwok-Yung Yuen, Kelvin Kai-Wang To

Summary: The Omicron variant of SARS-CoV-2 has distinct virological characteristics compared to the Delta variant. It replicates more slowly and its entry pathway is mediated primarily through the endocytic pathway instead of TMPRSS2 pathway. This difference in entry pathway may have implications for the clinical manifestations or severity of the disease.

EMERGING MICROBES & INFECTIONS (2022)

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Article Immunology

Effectiveness of Paxlovid in Reducing Severe Coronavirus Disease 2019 and Mortality in High-Risk Patients

Ronza Najjar-Debbiny, Naomi Gronich, Gabriel Weber, Johad Khoury, Maisam Amar, Nili Stein, Lee Hilary Goldstein, Walid Saliba

Summary: This study assessed the effectiveness of Paxlovid in high-risk COVID-19 patients in real-world settings. The findings demonstrate that Paxlovid is highly effective in reducing the risk of death and severe COVID-19 in the Omicron era. The study also suggests that Paxlovid may be more effective in older patients, immunosuppressed patients, and patients with underlying neurological or cardiovascular disease. Vaccination status did not significantly impact the effectiveness of Paxlovid.

CLINICAL INFECTIOUS DISEASES (2023)

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Article Infectious Diseases

Decreased severity of disease during the first global omicron variant covid-19 outbreak in a large hospital in tshwane, south africa

F. Abdullah, J. Myers, D. Basu, G. Tintinger, V Ueckermann, M. Mathebula, R. Ramlall, S. Spoor, T. de Villiers, Z. Van der Walt, J. Cloete, P. Soma-Pillay, P. Rheeder, F. Paruk, A. Engelbrecht, V Lalloo, M. Myburg, J. Kistan, W. van Hougenhouck-Tulleken, M. T. Boswell, G. Gray, R. Welch, L. Blumberg, W. Jassat

Summary: This study analyzed the clinical data of COVID-19 patients admitted to a hospital in Tshwane during the Omicron wave, and found that the severity of the disease was decreased compared to previous waves, with lower death rates and ICU admissions.

INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF INFECTIOUS DISEASES (2022)

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Article Infectious Diseases

Virological and serological kinetics of SARS-CoV-2 Delta variant vaccine breakthrough infections: a multicentre cohort study

Po Ying Chia, Sean Wei Xiang Ong, Calvin J. Chiew, Li Wei Ang, Jean-Marc Chavatte, Tze-Minn Mak, Lin Cui, Shirin Kalimuddin, Wan Ni Chia, Chee Wah Tan, Louis Yi Ann Chai, Seow Yen Tan, Shuwei Zheng, Raymond Tzer Pin Lin, Linfa Wang, Yee-Sin Leo, Vernon J. Lee, David Chien Lye, Barnaby Edward Young

Summary: This study found that mRNA vaccines are highly effective at preventing symptomatic and severe COVID-19 associated with B.1.617.2 infection. Vaccination is associated with a faster decline in viral RNA load and a robust serological response.

CLINICAL MICROBIOLOGY AND INFECTION (2022)

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Article Infectious Diseases

Community transmission of monkeypox in the United Kingdom, April to May 2022

Roberto Vivancos, Charlotte Anderson, Paula Blomquist, Sooria Balasegaram, Anita Bell, Louise Bishop, Colin S. Brown, Yimmy Chow, Obaghe Edeghere, Isaac Florence, Sarah Logan, Petra Manley, William Crowe, Andrew McAuley, Ananda Giri Shankar, Borja Mora-Peris, Karthik Paranthaman, Mateo Prochazka, Cian Ryan, David Simons, Richard Vipond, Chloe Byers, Nicholas A. Watkins, Will Welfare, Elizabeth Whittaker, Claire Dewsnap, Allegra Wilson, Yvonne Young, Meera Chand, Steven Riley, Susan Hopkins

Summary: Between 7 and 25 May, 86 cases of monkeypox have been confirmed in the UK, with only one case known to have traveled to a monkeypox virus endemic country. The majority of the cases were males, among which 66 reported being gay, bisexual, or men who have sex with men. This is the first sustained human-to-human transmission of monkeypox in the UK, occurring through close contacts, including sexual networks. Ongoing efforts are being made to improve case identification and prevent further transmission.

EUROSURVEILLANCE (2022)

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Article Immunology

The significant immune escape of pseudotyped SARS-CoV-2 variant Omicron

Youchun Wang, Li Zhang, Qianqian Li, Ziteng Liang, Tao Li, Shuo Liu, Qianqian Cui, Jianhui Nie, Qian Wu, Xiaowang Qu, Weijin Huang

Summary: The Omicron variant shows greater potential for immune escape compared to other variants, suggesting a significant impact on immunity from previous infections and vaccines.

EMERGING MICROBES & INFECTIONS (2022)

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Article Infectious Diseases

Frequent detection of monkeypox virus DNA in saliva, semen, and other clinical samples from 12 patients, Barcelona, Spain, May to June 2022

Aida Peiro-Mestres, Irene Fuertes, Daniel Camprubi-Ferrer, Maria Angeles Marcos, Anna Vilella, Mireia Navarro, Laura Rodriguez-Elena, Josep Riera, Alba Catala, Miguel J. Martinez, Jose L. Blanco

Summary: A study found that saliva is the main source of virus detection in all cases during the monkeypox outbreak, and other samples such as rectal swabs, nasopharyngeal swabs, semen, urine, and feces were also frequently positive. These findings are important for understanding virus shedding and the possible role of bodily fluids in disease transmission.

EUROSURVEILLANCE (2022)

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Article Infectious Diseases

Remdesivir plus standard of care versus standard of care alone for the treatment of patients admitted to hospital with COVID-19 (DisCoVeRy): a phase 3, randomised, controlled, open-label trial

Florence Ader, Maude Bouscambert-Duchamp, Maya Hites, Nathan Peiffer-Smadja, Julien Poissy, Drifa Belhadi, Alpha Diallo, Minh-Patrick Le, Gilles Peytavin, Therese Staub, Richard Greil, Jeremie Guedj, Jose-Artur Paiva, Dominique Costagliola, Yazdan Yazdanpanah, Charles Burdet, France Mentre

Summary: A study conducted in COVID-19 patients admitted to hospital and requiring oxygen support found that remdesivir did not show significant clinical benefits compared to standard care alone.

LANCET INFECTIOUS DISEASES (2022)

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Article Immunology

Infectious Diseases Society of America Guidance on the Treatment of AmpC β-Lactamase-Producing Enterobacterales, Carbapenem-Resistant Acinetobacter baumannii, and Stenotrophomonas maltophilia Infections

Pranita D. Tamma, Samuel L. Aitken, Robert A. Bonomo, Amy J. Mathers, David van Duin, Cornelius J. Clancy

Summary: The Infectious Diseases Society of America (IDSA) has provided updated guidance on the treatment of antimicrobial-resistant infections, focusing on treating AmpC-producing Enterobacterales, carbapenem-resistant Acinetobacter baumannii, and Stenotrophomonas maltophilia infections. The guidance is based on clinical experience, expert opinion, and a review of available literature, as published data on optimal treatment options are limited. This document emphasizes treatment approaches for infections in the United States, considering differences in resistance epidemiology and the availability of specific anti-infectives internationally.

CLINICAL INFECTIOUS DISEASES (2022)

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Article Infectious Diseases

Immunogenicity and safety of a third dose of CoronaVac, and immune persistence of a two-dose schedule, in healthy adults: interim results from two single-centre, double-blind, randomised, placebo-controlled phase 2 clinical trials

Gang Zeng, Qianhui Wu, Hongxing Pan, Minjie Li, Juan Yang, Lin Wang, Zhiwei Wu, Deyu Jiang, Xiaowei Deng, Kai Chu, Wen Zheng, Lei Wang, Wanying Lu, Bihua Han, Yuliang Zhao, Fengcai Zhu, Hongjie Yu, Weidong Yin

Summary: The study showed that a two-dose schedule of CoronaVac generated good immune response in adults, and a third dose given 8 months after the second dose effectively recalled specific immune responses to SARS-CoV-2, leading to a remarkable increase in antibody concentration. This indicates that the two-dose schedule provides good immune memory, and a primary third dose given 2 months after the second dose induced slightly higher antibody titres than the primary two doses.

LANCET INFECTIOUS DISEASES (2022)

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Letter Immunology

Neutralization of Variant Under Investigation B.1.617.1 With Sera of BBV152 Vaccinees

Pragya D. Yadav, Gajanan N. Sapkal, Priya Abraham, Raches Ella, Gururaj Deshpande, Deepak Y. Patil, Dimpal A. Nyayanit, Nivedita Gupta, Rima R. Sahay, Anita M. Shete, Samiran Panda, Balram Bhargava, V. Krishna Mohan

CLINICAL INFECTIOUS DISEASES (2022)

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Review Infectious Diseases

Prevalence of post-acute COVID-19 syndrome symptoms at different follow-up periods: a systematic review and meta-analysis

Mohamad Salim Alkodaymi, Osama Ali Omrani, Nader A. Fawzy, Bader Abou Shaar, Raghed Almamlouk, Muhammad Riaz, Mustafa Obeidat, Yasin Obeidat, Dana Gerberi, Rand M. Taha, Zakaria Kashour, Tarek Kashour, Elie F. Berbari, Khaled Alkattan, Imad M. Tleyjeh

Summary: This study aimed to estimate the prevalence of persistent symptoms and signs at least 12 weeks after acute COVID-19 and found that a large proportion of patients experience post-acute COVID-19 syndrome 3 to 12 months after recovery from the acute phase of COVID-19. However, available studies of post-acute COVID-19 syndrome are highly heterogeneous. Future studies need to have appropriate comparator groups, standardized symptom definitions and measurements, and longer follow-up.

CLINICAL MICROBIOLOGY AND INFECTION (2022)

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Article Infectious Diseases

Ongoing monkeypox virus outbreak, Portugal, 29 April to 23 May 2022

Mariana Perez Duque, Sofia Ribeiro, Joao Vieira Martins, Pedro Casaca, Pedro Pinto Leite, Margarida Tavares, Kamal Mansinho, Luis Miguel Duque, Candida Fernandes, Rita Cordeiro, Maria Jose Borrego, Ana Pelerito, Isabel Lopes de Carvalho, Sofia Nuncio, Vera Manageiro, Corrado Minetti, Jorge Machado, Joana M. Haussig, Roberto Croci, Gianfranco Spiteri, Ana Sofia Casal, Diana Mendes, Tiago Souto, Sara Pocinho, Teresa Fernandes, Ana Firme, Paula Vasconcelos, Graca Freitas

Summary: Portugal has detected 96 confirmed cases of monkeypox as of 27 May 2022. Among the 27 confirmed cases, all were males with a median age of 33 years (range: 22-51). The earliest symptom onset date was 29 April. The majority of cases (25 out of 27) were found in the Lisbon and Tagus Valley health region. Most cases were not associated with identified transmission chains, travel history, symptomatic individuals, or contact with animals, suggesting the possibility of previously undetected spread of monkeypox.

EUROSURVEILLANCE (2022)

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Review Infectious Diseases

The emergence of COVID-19 associated mucormycosis: a review of cases from 18 countries

Martin Hoenigl, Danila Seidel, Agostinho Carvalho, Shivaprakash M. Rudramurthy, Amir Arastehfar, Jean-Pierre Gangneux, Nosheen Nasir, Alexandro Bonifaz, Javier Araiza, Nikolai Klimko, Alexandra Serris, Katrien Lagrou, Jacques F. Meis, Oliver A. Cornely, John R. Perfect, P. Lewis White, Arunaloke Chakrabarti

Summary: Reports of COVID-19-associated mucormycosis, particularly among patients with uncontrolled diabetes, have been increasing since early 2021. Most patients with COVID-19-associated mucormycosis have uncontrolled diabetes and receive systemic corticosteroid treatment, and rhino-orbital cerebral mucormycosis is the most common disease. COVID-19-associated mucormycosis is associated with high mortality and a significant proportion of survivors experience life-changing morbidities.

LANCET MICROBE (2022)

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Article Infectious Diseases

Female gender is associated with long COVID syndrome: a prospective cohort study

Francesca Bai, Daniele Tomasoni, Camilla Falcinella, Diletta Barbanotti, Roberto Castoldi, Giovanni Mule, Matteo Augello, Debora Mondatore, Marina Allegrini, Andrea Cona, Daniele Tesoro, Gianmarco Tagliaferri, Ottavia Vigano, Elisa Suardi, Camilla Tincati, Tomaso Beringheli, Benedetta Varisco, Chiara Luridiana Battistini, Kyrie Piscopo, Elena Vegni, Alessandro Tavelli, Stefano Terzoni, Giulia Marchetti, Antonella D'Arminio Monforte

Summary: This study explored the association between female gender and long COVID syndrome, and found that female gender, older age, and active smoking were associated with a higher risk of long COVID.

CLINICAL MICROBIOLOGY AND INFECTION (2022)

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Article Infectious Diseases

Demographic and clinical characteristics of confirmed human monkeypox virus cases in individuals attending a sexual health centre in London, UK: an observational analysis

Nicolo Girometti, Ruth Byrne, Margherita Bracchi, Joseph Heskin, Alan McOwan, Victoria Tittle, Keerti Gedela, Christopher Scott, Sheel Patel, Jesal Gohil, Diarmuid Nugent, Tara Suchak, Molly Dickinson, Margaret Feeney, Borja Mora-Peris, Katrina Stegmann, Komal Plaha, Gary Davies, Luke S. P. Moore, Nabeela Mughal, David Asboe, Marta Boffito, Rachael Jones, Gary Whitlock

Summary: Autochthonous community monkeypox virus transmission is currently observed among MSM in the UK. High proportion of concomitant STIs and frequent anogenital symptoms suggest transmissibility through local inoculation during close skin-to-skin or mucosal contact, during sexual activity. Additional resources are needed to support sexual health and other specialist services in managing this condition. A review of the case definition and better understanding of viral transmission routes are necessary for the development of infection control policies, education and prevention strategies, and contact tracing.

LANCET INFECTIOUS DISEASES (2022)

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Article Immunology

Molnupiravir and Nirmatrelvir-Ritonavir: Oral Coronavirus Disease 2019 Antiviral Drugs

Louis D. Saravolatz, Shawn Depcinski, Mamta Sharma

Summary: Molnupiravir and nirmatrelvir-ritonavir are two new oral antiviral drugs for outpatient treatment of mild to moderate COVID-19. Both drugs have shown a reduction in death and hospitalization when started within 5 days of symptom onset.

CLINICAL INFECTIOUS DISEASES (2023)

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Letter Public, Environmental & Occupational Health

The effective reproductive number of the Omicron variant of SARS-CoV-2 is several times relative to Delta

Ying Liu, Joacim Rockloev

JOURNAL OF TRAVEL MEDICINE (2022)

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Article Infectious Diseases

Risk of SARS-CoV-2 reinfection and COVID-19 hospitalisation in individuals with natural and hybrid immunity: a retrospective, total population cohort study in Sweden

Peter Nordstrom, Marcel Ballin, Anna Nordstrom

Summary: This retrospective cohort study investigated the effectiveness of COVID-19 vaccination in individuals who had previously been infected with SARS-CoV-2. The study found that natural immunity provided protection against SARS-CoV-2 infection and COVID-19 hospitalization for up to 20 months. Vaccination further reduced the risk of reinfection and hospitalization for up to 9 months, although the differences in absolute numbers, especially in hospitalizations, were small.

LANCET INFECTIOUS DISEASES (2022)

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Article Public, Environmental & Occupational Health

The impact of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) on healthcare-associated infections in 2020: A summary of data reported to the National Healthcare Safety Network

Lindsey M. Weiner-Lastinger, Vaishnavi Pattabiraman, Rebecca Y. Konnor, Prachi R. Patel, Emily Wong, Sunny Y. Xu, Brittany Smith, Jonathan R. Edwards, Margaret A. Dudeck

Summary: This study investigated the impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on healthcare-associated infection incidence in US hospitals. The results showed significant increases in various infection rates in 2020, with ventilator-associated events and ventilator utilization showing consistent increases throughout the year. The findings emphasize the need to return to conventional infection prevention and control practices and build resilience in these programs to withstand future pandemics.

INFECTION CONTROL AND HOSPITAL EPIDEMIOLOGY (2022)

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