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Article Geosciences, Multidisciplinary

Global Carbon Budget 2021

Pierre Friedlingstein, Matthew W. Jones, Michael O'Sullivan, Robbie M. Andrew, Dorothee C. E. Bakker, Judith Hauck, Corinne Le Quere, Glen P. Peters, Wouter Peters, Julia Pongratz, Stephen Sitch, Josep G. Canadell, Philippe Ciais, Rob B. Jackson, Simone R. Alin, Peter Anthoni, Nicholas R. Bates, Meike Becker, Nicolas Bellouin, Laurent Bopp, Thi Tuyet Trang Chau, Frederic Chevallier, Louise P. Chini, Margot Cronin, Kim I. Currie, Bertrand Decharme, Laique M. Djeutchouang, Xinyu Dou, Wiley Evans, Richard A. Feely, Liang Feng, Thomas Gasser, Dennis Gilfillan, Thanos Gkritzalis, Giacomo Grassi, Luke Gregor, Nicolas Gruber, Ozgur Gurses, Ian Harris, Richard A. Houghton, George C. Hurtt, Yosuke Iida, Tatiana Ilyina, Ingrid T. Luijkx, Atul Jain, Steve D. Jones, Etsushi Kato, Daniel Kennedy, Kees Klein Goldewijk, Jurgen Knauer, Jan Ivar Korsbakken, Arne Kortzinger, Peter Landschutzer, Siv K. Lauvset, Nathalie Lefevre, Sebastian Lienert, Junjie Liu, Gregg Marland, Patrick C. McGuire, Joe R. Melton, David R. Munro, Julia E. M. S. Nabel, Shin-Ichiro Nakaoka, Yosuke Niwa, Tsuneo Ono, Denis Pierrot, Benjamin Poulter, Gregor Rehder, Laure Resplandy, Eddy Robertson, Christian Rodenbeck, Thais M. Rosan, Jorg Schwinger, Clemens Schwingshackl, Roland Seferian, Adrienne J. Sutton, Colm Sweeney, Toste Tanhua, Pieter P. Tans, Hanqin Tian, Bronte Tilbrook, Francesco Tubiello, Guido R. van der Werf, Nicolas Vuichard, Chisato Wada, Rik Wanninkhof, Andrew J. Watson, David Willis, Andrew J. Wiltshire, Wenping Yuan, Chao Yue, Xu Yue, Sonke Zaehle, Jiye Zeng

Summary: Accurate assessment of anthropogenic CO2 emissions and their redistribution among different components is critical for understanding the global carbon cycle. This study presents datasets and methodologies to quantify the major components of the global carbon budget. The results show changes in fossil fuel and land-use change emissions, as well as atmospheric CO2 concentration, ocean CO2 sink, and terrestrial CO2 sink.

EARTH SYSTEM SCIENCE DATA (2022)

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Article Environmental Sciences

The Arctic has warmed nearly four times faster than the globe since 1979

Mika Rantanen, Alexey Yu Karpechko, Antti Lipponen, Kalle Nordling, Otto Hyvarinen, Kimmo Ruosteenoja, Timo Vihma, Ari Laaksonen

Summary: Analyses of observations and climate simulations suggest that Arctic Amplification has been stronger than expected and underestimated in climate models. The warming in the Arctic has been nearly four times faster than the global average over the past 43 years, which is a higher ratio than previously reported. This finding indicates the urgency and severity of Arctic warming.

COMMUNICATIONS EARTH & ENVIRONMENT (2022)

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Article Environmental Sciences

Challenges and opportunities for carbon neutrality in China

Zhu Liu, Zhu Deng, Gang He, Hailin Wang, Xian Zhang, Jiang Lin, Ye Qi, Xi Liang

Summary: China has made significant reductions in CO2 emissions, achieving objectives outlined in Nationally Appropriate Mitigation Actions and Nationally Determined Contributions. However, China still faces challenges in reaching peak CO2 emissions before 2030 and achieving carbon neutrality before 2060. Achieving these goals will require increasing non-fossil energy share, deploying negative-emission technologies, promoting low-carbon development regionally, and establishing a nationwide 'green market'.

NATURE REVIEWS EARTH & ENVIRONMENT (2022)

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Article Geosciences, Multidisciplinary

Global Carbon Budget 2022

Pierre Friedlingstein, Michael O'Sullivan, Matthew W. Jones, Robbie M. Andrew, Luke Gregor, Judith Hauck, Corinne Le Quere, Ingrid T. Luijkx, Are Olsen, Glen P. Peters, Wouter Peters, Julia Pongratz, Clemens Schwingshackl, Stephen Sitch, Josep G. Canadell, Philippe Ciais, Robert B. Jackson, Simone R. Alin, Ramdane Alkama, Almut Arneth, Vivek K. Arora, Nicholas R. Bates, Meike Becker, Nicolas Bellouin, Henry C. Bittig, Laurent Bopp, Frederic Chevallier, Louise P. Chini, Margot Cronin, Wiley Evans, Stefanie Falk, Richard A. Feely, Thomas Gasser, Marion Gehlen, Thanos Gkritzalis, Lucas Gloege, Giacomo Grassi, Nicolas Gruber, Ozgur Gurses, Ian Harris, Matthew Hefner, Richard A. Houghton, George C. Hurtt, Yosuke Iida, Tatiana Ilyina, Atul K. Jain, Annika Jersild, Koji Kadono, Etsushi Kato, Daniel Kennedy, Kees Klein Goldewijk, Jurgen Knauer, Jan Ivar Korsbakken, Peter Landschutzer, Nathalie Lefevre, Keith Lindsay, Junjie Liu, Zhu Liu, Gregg Marland, Nicolas Mayot, Matthew J. McGrath, Nicolas Metzl, Natalie M. Monacci, David R. Munro, Shin-Ichiro Nakaoka, Yosuke Niwa, Kevin O'Brien, Tsuneo Ono, Paul Palmer, Naiqing Pan, Denis Pierrot, Katie Pocock, Benjamin Poulter, Laure Resplandy, Eddy Robertson, Christian Rodenbeck, Carmen Rodriguez, Thais M. Rosan, Jorg Schwinger, Roland Seferian, Jamie D. Shutler, Ingunn Skjelvan, Tobias Steinhoff, Qing Sun, Adrienne J. Sutton, Colm Sweeney, Shintaro Takao, Toste Tanhua, Pieter P. Tans, Xiangjun Tian, Hanqin Tian, Bronte Tilbrook, Hiroyuki Tsujino, Francesco Tubiello, Guido R. van der Werf, Anthony P. Walker, Rik Wanninkhof, Chris Whitehead, Anna Willstrand Wranne, Rebecca Wright, Wenping Yuan, Chao Yue, Xu Yue, Sonke Zaehle, Jiye Zeng, Bo Zheng

Summary: Accurately assessing anthropogenic carbon dioxide emissions is crucial for understanding the global carbon cycle, developing climate policies, and predicting climate change. This article describes the methodologies and data used to quantify the components of the global carbon budget and their uncertainties. The data for 2021 shows an increase in fossil fuel and land-use change emissions, as well as the impacts of the atmosphere, ocean, and terrestrial biosphere on carbon absorption.

EARTH SYSTEM SCIENCE DATA (2022)

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Article Engineering, Geological

Closed-Form Equation for Estimating Unconfined Compressive Strength of Granite from Three Non-destructive Tests Using Soft Computing Models

Athanasia D. Skentou, Abidhan Bardhan, Anna Mamou, Minas E. Lemonis, Gaurav Kumar, Pijush Samui, Danial J. Armaghani, Panagiotis G. Asteris

Summary: This study examined the use of three artificial neural network (ANN)-based models to predict the unconfined compressive strength (UCS) of granite using three non-destructive test indicators. The ANN-LM model, constructed using the Levenberg-Marquardt algorithm, was determined to be the most accurate. In the validation phase, the ANN-LM model achieved the best predictive performance with R = 0.9607 and RMSE = 14.8272. The developed ANN-LM model outperformed existing models and a graphical user interface (GUI) was developed for easy estimation of UCS using this model.

ROCK MECHANICS AND ROCK ENGINEERING (2023)

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Review Environmental Sciences

The imbalance of the Asian water tower

Tandong Yao, Tobias Bolch, Deliang Chen, Jing Gao, Walter Immerzeel, Shilong Piao, Fengge Su, Lonnie Thompson, Yoshihide Wada, Lei Wang, Tao Wang, Guangjian Wu, Baiqing Xu, Wei Yang, Guoqing Zhang, Ping Zhao

Summary: The Hindu Kush-Karakoram-Himalayan system, known as the Third Pole, is the largest global store of frozen water after the polar regions. It provides water supply to almost 2 billion people. However, atmospheric warming has caused an imbalance in this system, altering water resources in downstream countries. Future predictions suggest that global warming will amplify this imbalance, alleviating water scarcity in some regions while increasing it in others.

NATURE REVIEWS EARTH & ENVIRONMENT (2022)

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Article Geosciences, Multidisciplinary

The EC-Earth3 Earth system model for the Coupled Model Intercomparison Project 6

Ralf Doscher, Mario Acosta, Andrea Alessandri, Peter Anthoni, Thomas Arsouze, Tommi Bergman, Raffaele Bernardello, Souhail Boussetta, Louis-Philippe Caron, Glenn Carver, Miguel Castrillo, Franco Catalano, Ivana Cvijanovic, Paolo Davini, Evelien Dekker, Francisco J. Doblas-Reyes, David Docquier, Pablo Echevarria, Uwe Fladrich, Ramon Fuentes-Franco, Matthias Groger, Jost Hardenberg, Jenny Hieronymus, M. Pasha Karami, Jukka-Pekka Keskinen, Torben Koenigk, Risto Makkonen, Francois Massonnet, Martin Menegoz, Paul A. Miller, Eduardo Moreno-Chamarro, Lars Nieradzik, Twan van Noije, Paul Nolan, Declan O'Donnell, Pirkka Ollinaho, Gijs van den Oord, Pablo Ortega, Oriol Tinto Prims, Arthur Ramos, Thomas Reerink, Clement Rousset, Yohan Ruprich-Robert, Philippe Le Sager, Torben Schmith, Roland Schrodner, Federico Serva, Valentina Sicardi, Marianne Sloth Madsen, Benjamin Smith, Tian Tian, Etienne Tourigny, Petteri Uotila, Martin Vancoppenolle, Shiyu Wang, David Warlind, Ulrika Willen, Klaus Wyser, Shuting Yang, Xavier Yepes-Arbos, Qiong Zhang

Summary: EC-Earth3 is a Earth system model contributing to CMIP6, featuring a flexible coupling framework, various model configurations, ensuring simulations comparability across different HPC systems, and demonstrating improved physical and dynamic features. It represents a clear step forward for European community ESM with improved physical performance compared to CMIP5 version.

GEOSCIENTIFIC MODEL DEVELOPMENT (2022)

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Review Environmental Sciences

Waste-derived biochar for water pollution control and sustainable development

Mingjing He, Zibo Xu, Deyi Hou, Bin Gao, Xinde Cao, Yong Sik Ok, Jorg Rinklebe, Nanthi S. Bolan, Daniel C. W. Tsang

Summary: This review discusses the application of biochar in municipal wastewater treatment, industrial wastewater decontamination, and stormwater management. Biochar can be engineered to target specific contaminants in industrial wastewater treatment and enhance processes in municipal wastewater treatment and stormwater management. The scalability and commercialization of biochar production need to be investigated to maximize environmental, societal, and economic benefits.

NATURE REVIEWS EARTH & ENVIRONMENT (2022)

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Article Geosciences, Multidisciplinary

Financial development and environmental degradation: Do human capital and institutional quality make a difference?

Mahmood Ahmad, Zahoor Ahmed, Xiyue Yang, Nazim Hussain, Avik Sinha

Summary: This study examines the impact of financial development, human capital, and institutional quality on the ecological footprint in emerging countries. The research reveals that financial development increases the ecological footprint, while human capital and institutional quality reduce it.

GONDWANA RESEARCH (2022)

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Article Geosciences, Multidisciplinary

Global mapping reveals increase in lacustrine algal blooms over the past decade

Xuejiao Hou, Lian Feng, Yanhui Dai, Chuanmin Hu, Luke Gibson, Jing Tang, Zhongping Lee, Ying Wang, Xiaobin Cai, Junguo Liu, Yi Zheng, Chunmiao Zheng

Summary: Algal blooms, an emerging threat to global inland water quality, are occurring more frequently, especially in developing countries in Asia and Africa where agricultural fertilizer is heavily used. The establishment of a global bloom database is crucial for future risk assessments and mitigation efforts.

NATURE GEOSCIENCE (2022)

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Review Environmental Sciences

Mechanisms of woody-plant mortality under rising drought, CO2 and vapour pressure deficit

Nate G. McDowell, Gerard Sapes, Alexandria Pivovaroff, Henry D. Adams, Craig D. Allen, William R. L. Anderegg, Matthias Arend, David D. Breshears, Tim Brodribb, Brendan Choat, Herve Cochard, Miquel De Caceres, Martin G. De Kauwe, Charlotte Grossiord, William M. Hammond, Henrik Hartmann, Gunter Hoch, Ansgar Kahmen, Tamir Klein, D. Scott Mackay, Marylou Mantova, Jordi Martinez-Vilalta, Belinda E. Medlyn, Maurizio Mencuccini, Andrea Nardini, Rafael S. Oliveira, Anna Sala, David T. Tissue, Jose M. Torres-Ruiz, Amy M. Trowbridge, Anna T. Trugman, Erin Wiley, Chonggang Xu

Summary: Drought-associated woody-plant mortality is increasing globally, impacting climate, biodiversity, and resources. This review synthesizes knowledge of the mechanisms underlying drought-related tree death, including water and carbon depletion, and the influence of soil-to-root conductance and carbon supply rates.

NATURE REVIEWS EARTH & ENVIRONMENT (2022)

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Review Geography, Physical

FAIR1M: A benchmark dataset for fine-grained object recognition in high-resolution remote sensing imagery

Xian Sun, Peijin Wang, Zhiyuan Yan, Feng Xu, Ruiping Wang, Wenhui Diao, Jin Chen, Jihao Li, Yingchao Feng, Tao Xu, Martin Weinmann, Stefan Hinz, Cheng Wang, Kun Fu

Summary: With the rapid development of deep learning, many deep learning-based approaches have achieved great success in object detection tasks. However, existing datasets have limitations in terms of scale, category, and image. To address the needs of high-resolution remote sensing images, we propose a novel benchmark dataset called FAIR1M, which includes over 1 million instances and more than 40,000 images for fine-grained object recognition. The FAIR1M dataset has several unique characteristics, such as being larger than other datasets, providing richer category information, containing geographic information, and having better image quality. We evaluate state-of-the-art methods on the FAIR1M dataset and propose improvements to the evaluation metrics and the incorporation of hierarchy detection. We believe that the FAIR1M dataset will contribute to the field of earth observation through fine-grained object detection in large-scale real-world scenes.

ISPRS JOURNAL OF PHOTOGRAMMETRY AND REMOTE SENSING (2022)

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Review Environmental Sciences

The changing thermal state of permafrost

Sharon L. Smith, H. Brendan O'Neill, Ketil Isaksen, Jeannette Noetzli, Vladimir E. Romanovsky

Summary: Permafrost temperatures have increased in polar and high-elevation regions, affecting the climate system and the integrity of natural and built environments. Changes in permafrost temperature and active-layer thickness vary spatially and are influenced by climate, vegetation, snow cover, organic-layer thickness, and ground ice content.

NATURE REVIEWS EARTH & ENVIRONMENT (2022)

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Review Environmental Sciences

Impacts of permafrost degradation on infrastructure

Jan Hjort, Dmitry Streletskiy, Guy Dore, Qingbai Wu, Kevin Bjella, Miska Luoto

Summary: The warming and thawing of ice-rich permafrost pose a significant threat to polar and high-altitude infrastructure. Observed infrastructure damage is already substantial, and under anthropogenic warming, it is projected to continue and increase. Mitigation techniques exist to alleviate these impacts, but better understanding of high-risk regions is needed.

NATURE REVIEWS EARTH & ENVIRONMENT (2022)

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Review Environmental Sciences

Permafrost carbon emissions in a changing Arctic

Kimberley R. Miner, Merritt R. Turetsky, Edward Malina, Annett Bartsch, Johanna Tamminen, A. David McGuire, Andreas Fix, Colm Sweeney, Clayton D. Elder, Charles E. Miller

Summary: Arctic permafrost stores a significant amount of carbon, which could be released due to anthropogenic warming, affecting climate. Abrupt thaw and thermokarst could rapidly release a substantial amount of carbon to the atmosphere, and future methane emissions could increase due to expanding anoxic conditions. Wildfires in the Arctic could also lead to unpredictable carbon flux. More detailed monitoring can provide a better understanding of Arctic's future carbon emissions and their impact on the Earth system.

NATURE REVIEWS EARTH & ENVIRONMENT (2022)

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Review Environmental Sciences

Earth's sediment cycle during the Anthropocene

Jaia Syvitski, Juan Restrepo Angel, Yoshiki Saito, Irina Overeem, Charles J. Vorosmarty, Houjie Wang, Daniel Olago

Summary: The global sediment cycle is a critical aspect of the Earth system, but human activities and climate warming have significantly altered the sources and sinks of sediment.

NATURE REVIEWS EARTH & ENVIRONMENT (2022)

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Review Environmental Sciences

Plastic pollution in the Arctic

Melanie Bergmann, France Collard, Joan Fabres, Geir W. Gabrielsen, Jennifer F. Provencher, Chelsea M. Rochman, Erik van Sebille, Mine B. Tekman

Summary: Plastic debris and microplastics are widespread in the Arctic, even in areas without human activity. They come from various sources, both local and distant, and are transported to the Arctic by ocean currents, atmospheric transport, and rivers. Once in the Arctic, plastic pollution accumulates and affects local ecosystems.

NATURE REVIEWS EARTH & ENVIRONMENT (2022)

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Article Geosciences, Multidisciplinary

Globalization and CO2 emissions in the presence of EKC: A global panel data analysis

Sohail Farooq, Ilhan Ozturk, Muhamamd Tariq Majeed, Rabia Akram

Summary: The relationship between globalization and environmental quality is complex. Economic globalization is detrimental to environmental sustainability, while political globalization contributes to improving environmental quality.

GONDWANA RESEARCH (2022)

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Article Geosciences, Multidisciplinary

Linking energy transitions, energy consumption, and environmental sustainability in OECD countries

Irfan Khan, Abdulrasheed Zakari, Munir Ahmad, Muhammad Irfan, Fujun Hou

Summary: This study investigates the impact of energy transitions, energy consumption, natural resources, and urbanization on the ecological footprint and economic growth of OECD countries from 1990 to 2015. The results indicate that energy transitions, renewable energy consumption, and natural resources have a positive relationship with environmental quality, while non-renewable energy consumption and urbanization have a negative relationship.

GONDWANA RESEARCH (2022)

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Review Environmental Sciences

Optical vegetation indices for monitoring terrestrial ecosystems globally

Yelu Zeng, Dalei Hao, Alfredo Huete, Benjamin Dechant, Joe Berry, Jing M. Chen, Joanna Joiner, Christian Frankenberg, Ben Bond-Lamberty, Youngryel Ryu, Jingfeng Xiao, Ghassem R. Asrar, Min Chen

Summary: Vegetation indices are widely used to study vegetation dynamics, but different indices and factors can lead to conflicting conclusions. Choosing and verifying the indices, as well as analyzing multiple indicators, are necessary for obtaining reliable results.

NATURE REVIEWS EARTH & ENVIRONMENT (2022)

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