Autoimmune pancreatitis results from loss of TGFβ signalling in S100A4-positive dendritic cells

Background and aims: Autoimmune pancreatitis (AIP) is a poorly understood human disease affecting the exocrine pancreas. The goal of the present study was to elucidate the pathogenic mechanisms underlying pancreatic autoimmunity in a murine disease model. Methods: A transgenic mouse with an S100A4/fibroblast-specific protein 1 (FSP1) Cre-mediated conditional knockout of the transforming growth factor beta (TGF beta) type II receptor, termed Tgfbr2(fspKO), was used to determine the direct role of TGF beta in S100A4(+) cells. Immunohistochemical studies suggested that Tgfbr2(fspKO) mice develop mouse AIP (mAIP) characterised by interlobular ductal inflammatory infiltrates and pancreatic autoantibody production. Fluorescence-activated cell sorting (FACS)-isolated dendritic cells (DCs) from diseased pancreata were verified to have S100A4-Cre-mediated DNA recombination. Results: The Tgfbr2(fspKO) mice spontaneously developed mAIP by 6 weeks of age. DCs were confirmed to express S100A4, a previously reported protein expressed by fibroblasts. Adoptive transfer of bone marrow-derived DCs from Tgfbr2(fspKO) mice into 2-week-old syngenic wild-type C57BL/6 mice resulted in reproduction of pancreatitis within 6 weeks. Similar adoptive transfer of wild-type DCs had no effect on pancreas pathology of the host mice. The inability to induce pancreatitis by adoptive transfer of Tgfbr2(fspKO) DCs in adult mice suggested a developmental event in mAIP pathogenesis. Tgfbr2(fspKO) DCs undergo elevated maturation in response to antigen and increased activation of naive CD4-positive T cells. Conclusion: The development of mAIP in the Tgfbr2(fspKO) mouse model illustrates the role of TGF beta in maintaining myeloid DC immune tolerance. The loss of immune tolerance in myeloid S100A4(+) DCs can mediate mAIP and may explain some aspects of AIP disease pathogenesis.