Exploring anti-TGF-ββ therapies in cancer and fibrosis

On the basis of these observations, small molecule inhibitors of the TGF-beta beta receptor kinases, neutralizing antibodies that interfere with ligand--receptor interactions, antisense oligonucleotides reducing TGF-beta beta expression, and soluble receptor ectodomains that sequester TGF-beta beta have been developed to intervene with excessive TGF-beta beta signaling activity in the aforementioned disorders. Here, we review the current state of anti-TGF-beta beta therapy in clinical trials.