Circumventing Heterozygosity: Sequencing the Amplified Genome of a Single Haploid Drosophila melanogaster Embryo

Heterozygosity is a major challenge to efficient, high-quality genomic assembly and to the full genomic survey of polymorphism and divergence. In Drosophila melanogaster lines derived from equatorial populations are particularly resistant to inbreeding, thus imposing a major barrier to the determination and analyses of genomic variation in natural populations of this model organism. Here we present a simple genome sequencing protocol based on the whole-genome amplification of the gynogenetically derived haploid genome of a progeny of females mated to males homozygous for the recessive male sterile mutation, ms(3)K81. A single lane of paired-end sequences (2 x 76 bp) provides a good syntenic assembly with > 95% high-quality coverage (more than five reads). The amplification of the genomic DNA moderately inflates the variation in coverage across the euchromatic portion of the genome. It also increases the frequency of chimeric clones. But the low frequency and random genomic distribution of the chimeric clones limits their impact on the final assemblies. This method provides a solid path forward for population genomic sequencing and offers applications to many other systems in which small amounts of genomic DNA have unique experimental relevance.