Ecology and distribution of Armillaria species in Norway

P>The occurence of Armillaria species was assessed in Norway, enabling the northern-most distribution of this genus to be determined in Europe. Four Armillaria species were found in Norway. Armillaria borealis was the most common species occurring on woody vegetation to the permafrost zone (ca. 69 degrees N). Armillaria cepistipes was present in southern and central Norway, but was not found further than 66 degrees N. Armillaria solidipes and Armillaria gallica were rare, found at only one locality each; 59 degrees 40' and 59 degrees 32', respectively. Armillaria species were found on 14 hosts, but there was no significant difference between occurrence of A. borealis and A. cepistipes on declining and dead trees. Phylogenetic analyses separated each species into separate clades. All isolates of A. borealis, except one, and most isolates of A. solidipes were in separate clades. However, a subclade within the A. borealis clade was formed of two A. ostoyae and one A. borealis isolates. Two small A. cepistipes genets were found in a declining oak stand.