Altitudinal genetic variation in Pinus hartwegii Lindl. I: Height growth, shoot phenology, and frost damage in seedlings

The altitudinal pattern of genetic variation in Pinus hartwegii Lindl. populations was explored for seedling height growth, frost damage, grass-stage, and phenological stage of the terminal provenance test was conducted with open-pollinated seed from 13 populations collected along an altitudinal transect (3000-3600 m) at the National Park Pico de Tancitaro, Michoacan, center-west Mexico. Height growth of seedlings in a nursery was assessed at seven and 18 months of age. Frost damage at -15 degrees C was evaluated in laboratory at 18 months of age; proportion of plants that had left grass-stage and stage of shoot development was assessed at the age of 22 months. Significant differences among provenances (P < 0.0001) were detected for all of the evaluated characters. The variation among populations was structured as a moderate altitudinal cline, with populations from lower altitudes showing larger height growth in seedlings, larger proportion of frost damages, fewer seedlings in grass-stage and more seedlings with developed shoot, whereas in populations from higher altitudes, seedlings exhibiting shorter plant height, lower percentages of frost damage, more seedlings with unbroken grass-stage, and fewer seedlings with advanced shoot development were displayed. Options for seed and seedling movement along the altitudinal gradient are discussed under the scope of reforestation, aiming at ecological restoration, conservation of forest genetic resources, and assisted migration considering global warming. We suggest delineation of two altitudinal seed zones (Zone 1: 3000-3350 m; Zone II 3350-3700 m). (C) 2008 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.