Spatially resolved distributions of the mineral elements in the grain of tartary buckwheat (Fagopyrum tataricum)

The different buckwheat species are gluten-free pseudocereals, and they are amongst the most important alternative foodstuffs as they have an excellent nutrient profile. The grain of tartary buckwheat (Fagopyrum tataricum Gaertn.) is known to be rich in antioxidants (especially rutin) and mineral elements. In addition to the spatial distributions of Mg, P, S, K, Ca, Mn, Fe, Cu and Zn at the tissue level that have been determined using micro-proton-induced X-ray emission, we have also assessed the distributions of C, 0, Mg, P, Mn, Fe, Cu and Zn at the cellular and sub-cellular levels using synchrotron radiation-based low-energy X-ray fluorescence. The highest concentrations of all of the studied mineral elements were in the cotyledons, except for Ca, which dominated in the pericarp. The relative mineral-element distributions calculated on dry weight basis confirm the observed mineral distribution profiles. In the cotyledons, P clearly partitions to the mesophyll and is mainly ascribed to phytate. In the mesophyll, the P spatial distribution strongly correlates with Mg and, in decreasing order, with Cu > Fe > Mn > Zn. These spatial distributions of the mineral elements, their concentrations and their co-localisation are discussed in relation to other pseudocereal and cereal grain. (C) 2013 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.