Adsorption of Reactive blue 21 onto functionalized cellulose under ultrasonic pretreatment: Kinetic and equilibrium study

Cellulose was separated from flax shive and modified by quaternization under ultrasonic pretreatment for the removal of Reactive blue 21 (R-21). The modified cellulose was characterized by using FTIR, XPS, C-13 NMR, XRD and SEM. Batch adsorption was conducted. The adsorption data were fitted with kinetic models including the pseudo-first-model, pseudo-second-model, Elovich equation and Intraparticle diffusion. The adsorption equilibrium was analyzed by using the Langmuir, Freundlich and Temkin isotherms. After modification, cellulose was cross-linked by double quaternary ammonium groups or grafted with -N+-C-C-N- structure. The crystalline structure of cellulose was destroyed and the surface morphologies changed obviously after the modification. The substitution degree was 0.216. The maximum reached adsorption capacity of R-21 on the modified cellulose from flax shive (MCFS) was 543 mg/g. The adsorption process and equilibrium of R-21 were well fitted by a pseudo-second-order kinetic model and Langmuir model, respectively. The adsorption is endothermic, spontaneous, and a chemically controlled process. (C) 2015 Taiwan Institute of Chemical Engineers. Published by Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.