Recent trends for novel options in experimental biological therapy of β-thalassemia

Introduction: beta-thalassemias are caused by nearly 300 mutations of the beta-globin gene, leading to low or absent production of adult hemoglobin. Achievements have been recently obtained on innovative therapeutic strategies for beta-thalassemias, based on studies focusing on the transcriptional regulation of the gamma-globin genes, epigenetic mechanisms governing erythroid differentiation, gene therapy and genetic correction of the mutations. Areas covered: The objective of this review is to describe recently published approaches (the review covers the years 2011 - 2014) useful for the development of novel therapeutic strategies for the treatment of beta-thalassemia. Expert opinion: Modification of beta-globin gene expression in beta-thalassemia cells was achieved by gene therapy (eventually in combination with induction of fetal hemoglobin [HbF]) and correction of the mutated beta-globin gene. Based on recent areas of progress in understanding the control of gamma-globin gene expression, novel strategies for inducing HbF have been proposed. Furthermore, the identification of microRNAs involved in erythroid differentiation and HbF production opens novel options for developing therapeutic approaches for beta-thalassemia and sickle-cell anemia.