Vitamin D and cognitive functioning in the elderly population in Germany

Objectives: To examine the relationship of serum 25-hydroxy vitamin D3 with cognitive functioning in higher age, using an instrument covering multiple cognitive domains in a population-based study. Design: Follow-up study with measurement of vitamin D levels at baseline and assessment of cognitive functioning at year 5 follow-up. Setting and participants: A subgroup of 1639 participants of the ongoing epidemiological ESTHER study of the elderly general population in Saarland State, Germany, aged 65+ years at baseline (2000-2002). Intervention: Observational study. Measurements: Cognitive functioning was assessed by the COGTEL phone interview developed by Kliegel et al., which was administered 5 years after ESTHER baseline. Vitamin D in baseline samples was measured by chemiluminescence methods. Additional information was obtained by standardised questionnaires. Results: In multiple linear regression adjusted for important confounders, women in the lowest sex-specific quintile of vitamin D showed an on average 2.1 (95% confidence interval: 0.4 to 3.9) units lower COGTEL score than women in the highest quintile. A similar, albeit slightly weaker, association was seen in males (difference of 1.7 [-0.4 to 3.8] units). Spline regression suggested non-linearity with a distinct decline in cognitive performance in the lower range of vitamin D levels. Conclusions: Our findings support suggestions that low levels of vitamin D may be associated with reduced cognitive functioning in the elderly. (C) 2011 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.