The expression of glia maturation factors and the effect of glia maturation factor-γ on angiogenic sprouting in zebrafish

Angiogenesis is a vital process for proper embryonic development, wound healing, malignant tumor growth and metastasis. Two glia maturation factor genes, glia maturation factor-beta (GMFB) and glia maturation factor-gamma (GMFG), presenting different expression patterns and distinct biological functions are found in vertebrates. But, the role of GMFB and GMFG in vascular development remains largely unknown. Here, we showed that both GMFB and GMFG are highly conserved in vertebrates. Whole-mount in situ hybridization and quantitative RT-PCR results revealed that GMFB and GMFG were differently expressed during zebrafish embryogenesis. GMFB was highly enriched in brain and GMFG was predominantly expressed in endothelial cells. By gene specific MO, knockdown of GMFG, but not GMFB, severely disrupted angiogenic sprouting of intersegmental vessels (ISVs), but this angiogenic defects were prevented by overexpression of a MO-resistant form of zebrafish GMFG mRNA. In addition, the expressions of angiogenic factors VEGF-A, STAT3, MMP2, MMP9, and MMP13 were significantly decreased in endothelial cells of GMFG morphants. Our findings provide the first in vivo evidence that GMFG is an important regulator for angiogenic sprouting during angiogenesis in zebrafish and suggest that GMFG may act as a novel potential target for anti-angiogenesis therapy in clinical settings. (C) 2013 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.