Selection, characterization and genetic analysis of laboratory mutants of Botryotinia fuckeliana (Botrytis cinerea) resistant to the fungicide boscalid

Resistance to the fungicide boscalid in laboratory mutants of Botryotinia fuckeliana (Botrytis cinerea) was investigated. The baseline sensitivity to boscalid was evaluated in terms of colony growth (EC50 = 0.3-3 A mu g ml(-1); MIC = 10-30 A mu g ml(-1)) and conidial germination (EC50 = 0.03-0.1 A mu g ml(-1); MIC = 1-3 A mu g ml(-1)) tests. Mutants were selected in vitro from wild-type strains of the fungus on a fungicide-amended medium containing acetate as a carbon source. Mutants showed two different levels of resistance to boscalid, distinguishable through the conidial germination tests: low (EC50 similar to aEuro parts per thousand 0.3 A mu g ml(-1), ranging from 0.03 to 1 A mu g ml(-1); MIC > 100 A mu g ml(-1)) and high (EC50 > 100 A mu g ml(-1)) resistance. Analysis of meiotic progeny from crosses between resistant mutants and sensitive reference strains showed that resistant phenotypes were due to mutations in single major gene(s) inherited in a Mendelian fashion, and linked with both the Daf1 and Mbc1 genes, responsible for resistance to dicarboximide and benzimidazole fungicides, respectively. Gene sequence analysis of the four sub-units of the boscalid-target protein, the succinate dehydrogenase enzyme, revealed that single or double point mutations in the highly conserved regions of the iron-sulphur protein (Ip) gene were associated with resistance. Mutations resulted in proline to leucine or phenylalanine replacements at position 225 (P225L or P225F) in high resistant mutants, and in a histidine to tyrosine replacement at position 272 (H272Y) in low resistant mutants. Sequences of the flavoprotein and the two transmembrane sub-units of succinate dehydrogenase were never affected.