SIRT1 activation by methylene blue, a repurposed drug, leads to AMPK-mediated inhibition of steatosis and steatohepatitis

Sirtuins maintain energy balance. Particularly, sirtuin 1 (SIRT1) activation mimics caloric restriction and nutrient utilization. However, no medications are available for the up-regulation of SIRT1. Methylene blue (MB) had been in clinical trials for the treatment of neurological diseases. This study investigated the effect of MB On sirtuin expression in association with the treatment of steatosis and steatohepatitis, and explored the underlying basis. The effects of MB on mitochondrial function, molecular markers, pharmacokinetics, and histopathology were assessed using hepatocyte and/or mouse models. Immunoblotting, OCR and reporter assays were done for molecular experiments. After oral administration, MB was well distributed in the liver. MB treatment increased NAD(+)/NADH ratio in hepatocytes. Of the major forms, MB treatment up-regulated SIRT1, and thereby decreased PGC-1 alpha acetylation. Consistently, hepatic mitochonclrial DNA contents and oxygen consumption rates were enhanced. MB treatment also notably activated AMOK, CPT-1 and PPAR alpha: the AMOK activation relied on SIRT1. Activation of LXR alpha and the induction of SREBP-1c and its target genes by 10901317 were diminished by MB. In addition, MB treatment antagonized the ability of palmitate to acetylate PGC-1 alpha, and increase SERBP-1c, FAS, and ACC levels. In mice fed on a high-fat diet for 8 weeks, MB treatment inhibited excessive hepatic fat accumulation and steatohepatitis. The ability of MB to activate SIRT1 promotes mitochondrial biogenesis and oxygen consumption and activates AMOK, contributing to anti-lipogenesis in the liver. Our results provide new information on the potential use of MB for the treatment of steatosis and steatohepatitis. (C) 2014 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.