期刊
EUROPEAN JOURNAL OF PHARMACOLOGY
卷 617, 期 1-3, 页码 1-11出版社
ELSEVIER SCIENCE BV
DOI: 10.1016/j.ejphar.2009.06.059
关键词
Glutamate; Oxidative stress; Reactive oxygen species; Apoptosis; Necrosis
资金
- National Institutes of Health [NIEHS-ES15242]
- National Center for Research Resources of the National Institutes of Health [P20RR021940]
Glutamate is an endogenous excitatory neurotransmitter. At high concentrations, it is neurotoxic and contributes to the development of certain neurodegenerative diseases. There is considerable controversy in the literature with regard to whether glutamate-induced cell death in cultured HT22 cells (an immortalized mouse hippocampal cell line) is apoptosis, necrosis, or a new form of cell death. The present study focused on investigating the mechanism of glutamate-induced cell death. We found that glutamate induced. in a time-dependent manner, both necrosis and apoptosis in HT22 cells. At relatively early time points (8-12 h), glutamate induced mostly necrosis, whereas at late time points (16-24 h), it induced mainly apoptosis. Glutamate-induced mitochondrial oxidative stress and dysfunction were crucial early events required for the induction of apoptosis through the release of the mitochondrial apoptosis-inducing factor (AIF), which catalyzed DNA fragmentation (an ATP-independent process). Glutamate-induced cell death proceeded independently of the Bcl-2 family proteins and caspase activation. The lack of caspase activation likely resulted from the lack of intracellular ATP when the mitochondrial functions were rapidly disrupted by the mitochondrial oxidative stress. In addition, it was observed that activation of JNK p38, and ERK signaling molecules was also involved in the induction of apoptosis by glutamate. In conclusion, glutamate-induced apoptosis is AIF-dependent but caspase-independent, and is accompanied by DNA ladder formation but not chromatin condensation. (C) 2009 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.
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