期刊
EUROPEAN JOURNAL OF NEUROSCIENCE
卷 27, 期 2, 页码 352-363出版社
WILEY
DOI: 10.1111/j.1460-9568.2008.06024.x
关键词
carbachol; orexin; REM sleep; subcoeruleus; whole cell
资金
- NATIONAL INSTITUTE OF MENTAL HEALTH [R37MH039683, R01MH062522] Funding Source: NIH RePORTER
- Veterans Affairs [I01BX001356] Funding Source: NIH RePORTER
- NIMH NIH HHS [R01 MH062522, R01 MH062522-01, R37 MH039683] Funding Source: Medline
- NINDS NIH HHS [R21 NS079866] Funding Source: Medline
- BLRD VA [I01 BX001356, I01 BX001404] Funding Source: Medline
Recent experiments suggest that brainstem GABAergic neurons may control rapid-eye-movement (REM) sleep. However, understanding their pharmacology/physiology has been hindered by difficulty in identification. Here we report that mice expressing green fluorescent protein (GFP) under the control of the GAD67 promoter (GAD67-GFP knock-in mice) exhibit numerous GFP-positive neurons in the central gray and reticular formation, allowing on-line identification in vitro. Small (10-15 mu m) or medium-sized (15-25 mu m) GFP-positive perikarya surrounded larger serotonergic, noradrenergic, cholinergic and reticular neurons, and > 96% of neurons were double-labeled for GFP and GABA, confirming that GFP-positive neurons are GABAergic. Whole-cell recordings in brainstem regions important for promoting REM sleep [subcoeruleus (SubC) or pontine nucleus oralis (PnO) regions] revealed that GFP-positive neurons were spontaneously active at 3-12 Hz, fired tonically, and possessed a medium-sized depolarizing sag during hyperpolarizing steps. Many neurons also exhibited a small, low-threshold calcium spike. GFP-positive neurons were tested with pharmacological agents known to promote (carbachol) or inhibit (orexin A) REM sleep. SubC GFP-positive neurons were excited by the cholinergic agonist carbachol, whereas those in the PnO were either inhibited or excited. GFP-positive neurons in both areas were excited by orexins/hypocretins. These data are congruent with the hypothesis that carbachol-inhibited GABAergic PnO neurons project to, and inhibit, REM-on SubC reticular neurons during waking, whereas carbachol-excited SubC and PnO GABAergic neurons are involved in silencing locus coeruleus and dorsal raphe aminergic neurons during REM sleep. Orexinergic suppression of REM during waking is probably mediated in part via excitation of acetylcholine-inhibited GABAergic neurons.
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