Validation of the simplified Animal Naming Test as primary screening tool for the diagnosis of covert hepatic encephalopathy

Background: Diagnosis of covert hepatic encephalopathy (CHE) is time consuming in clinical practice. Recently, a new diagnostic tool - the simplified Animal Naming Test (S-ANTI) - was presented with promising results in an Italian cohort. The aim of the present study was to validate S-ANTI in a cohort of cirrhotic patients from a German tertiary referral centre. Methods: 143 cirrhotic patients and 37 healthy controls were enrolled. Hepatic encephalopathy (HE) grade 1 (HE1) was clinically diagnosed according to the West-Haven Criteria. Critical flicker frequency and Psychometric Hepatic Encephalopathy Score were used to detect minimal HE (MHE). All participants were additionally examined by S-ANTI. Results: 58 (40.6%) patients presented with CHE (40 MHE, 18 HE1). S-ANTI was lowest in patients with HE1, followed by patients with MHE, patients without CHE, and healthy controls, respectively (each p < 0.05). Naming < 20 animals discriminated best between patients with and without CHE in ROC analysis (with Youden's index). With a cut-off value of >= 23 mentioned animal names further testing for CHE could be avoided in 38.5% of patients with a negative predictive value of 84%. Conclusions: S-ANTI may become an important first screening tool for the assessment of CHE in clinical practice.