期刊
ETHOLOGY
卷 120, 期 11, 页码 1081-1089出版社
WILEY
DOI: 10.1111/eth.12281
关键词
antipredator behavior; escape behavior; flight initiation distance; habituation; risk assessment; Squatmata
资金
- UCLA Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology
- Office of Instructional Development
- Holmes O. Miller Endowment
- NSF
- Direct For Biological Sciences [1119660] Funding Source: National Science Foundation
- Division Of Environmental Biology [1119660] Funding Source: National Science Foundation
Antipredator behavior and risk assessment of many species are affected by the presence of humans and their activities. Previous studies have largely been conducted on birds and mammals and relatively less is known about human impacts on reptiles. We used flight initiation distance (FID) as a measure of risk assessment in inland blue-tailed skinks (Emoia impar) and tested the direct and indirect effects of humans on risk assessment. We first examined the effects of varying levels and types of human disturbance and activity on skink FID. We found that skinks flushed at significantly longer distances in areas with the least human activity. We then tested the degree to which skinks are able to discriminate different numbers of humans by comparing FID across three different types of approaches. Skinks did not significantly differentiate between a single approacher and a single approacher coming from a group of two other people, but did flush at greater distances when approached by three people simultaneously. Although skinks are not directly harvested or harassed by humans, they have refined human discrimination abilities. Overall, skinks habituate to a variety of human activities and perceive a larger threat when the number of human approachers is greater.
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