Mouse embryonic stem cells induce targeted DNA demethylation within human MAGE-A1 transgenes

Human tumor development is often associated with a DNA demethylation process. This results in the activation of germ line-specific genes, such as MAGE-A1, which rely on DNA methylation for repression in somatic tissues. Here, we searched to identify a cell line possessing ongoing DNA demethylation activity targeted to MAGE-A1. We first assessed MAGE-A1-expressing human tumor cell lines, by evaluating their ability to induce demethylation of MAGE-A1 transgenes that were methylated in vitro before transfection. All cell lines lacked such activity, suggesting that MAGE-A1 hypomethylation in tumors results from a past demethylation event. We then turned to mouse embryonic stem (mES) cells, which are characterized by a high level of methylation plasticity. Interestingly, in vitro methylated MAGE-A1 transgenes became demethylated after transfection into mES cells. Demethylation was targeted to the 5'-region of MAGE-A1 and was strongly reduced at mutated MAGE-A1 transgenes exhibiting impaired promoter activity. Our results indicate that mES cells induce demethylation of MAGE-A1 and represent therefore a valuable system to study this tumor-related process.