期刊
ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH
卷 21, 期 5, 页码 3304-3317出版社
SPRINGER HEIDELBERG
DOI: 10.1007/s11356-013-2299-0
关键词
Heavymetals; Lead; Biomonitoring; Bird; Reproductive success; Ficedula; Flycatcher
资金
- Turku University Foundation
- Finnish Cultural Foundation
- Kone Foundation
- Emil Aaltonen Foundation
- Academy of Finland [265859]
- Ural Branch of RAS [12-M-45-2072]
- Spanish Ministry of Science [CGL2010-19233-C03-02]
- Spanish Research Council-CSIC
- European Social Fund
- RFBR (Russia)
- Estonian Ministry of Education and Science [0180004s09]
- European Regional Development Fund (Center of Excellence FIBIR)
- NWO-VICI
- contract Junta de Ampliacion de Estudios
Birds have been used as bioindicators of pollution, such as toxic metals. Levels of pollutants in eggs are especially interesting, as developing birds are more sensitive to detrimental effects of pollutants than adults. Only very few studies have monitored intraspecific, large-scale variation in metal pollution across a species' breeding range. We studied large-scale geographic variation in metal levels in the eggs of a small passerine, the pied flycatcher (Ficedula hypoleuca), sampled from 15 populations across Europe. We measured 10 eggshell elements (As, Cd, Cr, Cu, Ni, Pb, Zn, Se, Sr, and Ca) and several shell characteristics (mass, thickness, porosity, and color). We found significant variation among populations in eggshell metal levels for all metals except copper. Eggshell lead, zinc, and chromium levels decreased from central Europe to the north, in line with the gradient in pollution levels over Europe, thus suggesting that eggshell can be used as an indicator of pollution levels. Eggshell lead levels were also correlated with soil lead levels and pH. Most of the metals were not correlated with eggshell characteristics, with the exception of shell mass, or with breeding success, which may suggest that birds can cope well with the current background exposure levels across Europe.
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