Predicting Contaminant Adsorption in Black Carbon (Biochar)-Amended Soil for the Veterinary Antimicrobial Sulfamethazine

Commercial hardwood biochars ranging in N-2 specific surface area of 0.1-427 m(2).g(-1) were added to an agricultural soil at 0, 1, or 2% levels to determine whether they would predictably reduce the pore water concentration of sulfamethazine (SMT). The soil and biochar-soil mixtures were preweathered under mild (2 d, 20 degrees C) or more severe (28 d, 40 degrees C) conditions before spiking. The carbon-normalized biochar-water distribution coefficient (K-BC) of the biochars varied by a factor of up to 10(4), depending on biochar properties and SMT concentration. Except for the fast-pyrolysis biochar, K-BC greatly exceeded the soil organic carbon-water distribution coefficient K-OC. Sorption in the mixtures increased as expected with biochar and dose. However, sorption was dramatically overpredicted (by up to 10(2.5)) by the sum of sorption to the individual components, indicating a strong weathering effect even under the mild conditions. The soil-subtracted weathered biochar-water isotherms were more linear, and the K-BC values approached or lay within the range of K-OC values reported for SMT in 19 soils. Biochars both in intimate contact with soil and placed in a membrane bag suspended in the solution showed reduced N-2-B.E.T. surface area after weathering, implicating fouling of the biochar surface by humic substances transferred through water. The results indicate that only highly surfaceous, carbonaceous biochars would be useful for stabilizing soil contaminated with compounds such as SMT. They also suggest that weathering may attenuate the contribution of native (environmental) black carbon to sorption of such compounds in soils and sediments.