期刊
ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY
卷 44, 期 17, 页码 6835-6842出版社
AMER CHEMICAL SOC
DOI: 10.1021/es101509e
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资金
- Dutch Ministry of Economic Affairs
- European Union
- Province of Fryslan
- City of Leeuwarden
- Samenwerkingsverband Noord-Nederland
Eighteen selected xenobiotics related to personal care and household chemicals (UV-filters, fragrances, preservatives, biocides, surfactants) were measured in gray water from 32 houses and in effluents of three different biological treatment systems (aerobic, anaerobic, and combined anaerobic + aerobic). All selected xenobiotics were detected in gray water samples in the low mu g L(-1) range. Generally, lower concentrations were measured after biological treatment and removal efficiencies were higher under aerobic conditions than under anaerobic conditions. However, most of the xenobiotics were still detected in biologically treated gray water. The most persistent compounds were the fragrance tonalide and the UV-filters 2-phenyl-5-benzimidazolesulfonic acid and ethylhexyl methoxycinnamate. Estimated estrogenic potential of the effluent ranged between 0.07 and 0.72 ng L(-1) of 17 beta-estradiol equivalents. Depending on the application of the effluent and its environmental risk, physical-chemical processes might be required to increase the removal efficiency of these compounds from gray water.
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