Temporal and spatial variability in the aviation NOx-related O3 impact

Aviation NOx emissions promote tropospheric ozone formation, which is linked to climate warming and adverse health effects. Modeling studies have quantified the relative impact of aviation NOx on O-3 in large geographic regions. As these studies have applied forward modeling techniques, it has not been possible to attribute O-3 formation to individual flights. Here we apply the adjoint of the global chemistry-transport model GEOS-Chem to assess the temporal and spatial variability in O-3 production due to aviation NOx emissions, which is the first application of an adjoint to this problem. We find that total aviation NOx emitted in October causes 40% more O-3 than in April and that Pacific aviation emissions could cause 4-5 times more tropospheric O-3 per unit NOx than European or North American emissions. Using this sensitivity approach, the O-3 burden attributable to 83 000 unique scheduled civil flights is computed individually. We find that the ten highest total O-3-producing flights have origins or destinations in New Zealand or Australia. The top ranked O-3-producing flights normalized by fuel burn cause 157 times more normalized O-3 formation than the bottom ranked ones. These results show significant spatial and temporal heterogeneity in environmental impacts of aviation NOx emissions.