Detection of fullerenes (C60 and C70) in commercial cosmetics

Detection methods are necessary to quantify fullerenes in commercial applications to provide potential exposure levels for future risk assessments of fullerene technologies. The fullerene concentrations of five cosmetic products were evaluated using liquid chromatography with mass spectrometry to separate and specifically detect C(60) and C(70) from interfering cosmetic substances (e.g., castor oil). A cosmetic formulation was characterized with transmission electron microscopy, which confirmed that polyvinylpyrrolidone encapsulated C(60). Liquid-liquid extraction of fullerenes from control samples approached 100% while solid-phase and sonication in toluene extractions yielded recoveries of 27-42%. C(60) was detected in four commercial cosmetics ranging from 0.04 to 1.1 mu g/g, and C(70) was qualitatively detected in two samples. A single-use quantity of cosmetic (0.5 g) may contain up to 0.6 mu g of C(60), demonstrating a pathway for human exposure. Steady-state modeling of fullerene adsorption to biosolids is used to discuss potential environmental releases from wastewater treatment systems. (C) 2011 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.