Effects of C-60 nanoparticle exposure on earthworms (Lumbricus rubellus) and implications for population dynamics

Effects of C-60 nanoparticles (nominal concentrations 0, 15.4 and 154 mg/kg soil) on mortality, growth and reproduction of Lumbricus rubellus earthworms were assessed. C-60 exposure had a significant effect on cocoon production, juvenile growth rate and mortality. These endpoints were used to model effects on the population level. This demonstrated reduced population growth rate with increasing C-60 concentrations. Furthermore, a shift in stage structure was shown for C-60 exposed populations, i.e. a larger proportion of juveniles. This result implies that the lower juvenile growth rate due to exposure to C-60 resulted in a larger proportion of juveniles, despite increased mortality among juveniles. Overall, this study indicates that C-60 exposure may seriously affect earthworm populations. Furthermore, it was demonstrated that juveniles were more sensitive to C-60 exposure than adults. (C) 2010 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.