Pumping dry: an increasing groundwater budget deficit induced by urbanization, industrialization, and climate change in an over-exploited volcanic aquifer

A methodology is proposed to improve the groundwater budget model by determining the past, present, and future recharge and discharge rates. The model is applied to an increasingly urbanized and industrialized region with drying tendencies: the Toluca Valley, Mexico. This study includes spatially variable recharge determined from the historical climate data, the climate change predictions, and the multiple parameters used in the Hydrologic Evaluation of Landfill Performance (HELP3) model. Using HELP3 a spatial discretization for the average recharge is obtained and estimated at 376 million cubic meters per year (Mm(3)/year). When considering climate change predictions, by 2050 the average scenario projects recharge to decrease by 15 Mm(3)/year (from 376 to 361 Mm(3)/year), and in a worst case scenario up to a maximum decrease of 88 Mm(3)/year (from 376 to 288 Mm(3)/year). Groundwater pumping has increased steadily since 1970 and is estimated at 495 Mm(3)/year for 2010. The current average deficit estimated for 2010 is 172 Mm(3)/year with average projections increasing to over 292 Mm(3)/year by 2050. This study of two of the most important components of the water cycle (recharge and discharge) clearly shows that the decreasing water availability in the Toluca basin is due mainly to groundwater pumping and that the current pumping rates are not sustainable. The current deficit can be considered problematic and projections based on expected water consumption and climate change reinforce the need for management of the water resources to be addressed.