Heat stress and recovery of photosystem II efficiency in wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) cultivars acclimated to different growth temperatures

The effect of heat stress on photosystem II (PS II) efficiency and post-stress recovery was studied in four wheat cultivars using chlorophyll fluorescence. The main aim was to examine the cultivar differences in relation to inhibition and recovery of PSII functionality after heat stress at different growth stages. The secondary aim was to investigate whether a pre-acclimation of plants to elevated temperature during the growth period induces a better tolerance to heat stress than for plants grown in ambient temperature or not. The plants were grown in two growth temperature conditions (15 degrees C and 25 degrees C) and subjected to heat stress (40 degrees C) for two days at early tillering and three days at anthesis and early grain development stages. The plants were returned to their original growth conditions after heat stress and recovery was observed for three days. The maximum photochemical efficiency (F-v/F-m) and the quantum yield of PSII (F-q'/F-m') were measured before, during and after the heat stress. The heat stress significantly inhibited the F-v/F-m and F-q'/F-m', in all wheat cultivars at all growth stages. There were significant differences in F-v/F-m among the cultivars at anthesis and at early grain development but not at early tillering stage. However, the cultivars differed significantly in F-q'/F-m' at all growth stages. At anthesis and early grain development, the cultivar C518 had the lowest reduction in F-v/F-m and F-q'/F-m' after heat stress and recovered fully after 72h in both growth conditions illustrating higher heat tolerance characteristics as compared to the other three cultivars. The largest decrease in F-v/F-m and F-q'/F-m', after heat stress occurred in the cultivar PWS7, which did not recover completely after 72 h. All cultivars grown at 25 degrees C had a slightly increased heat tolerance and better recovery compared to plants grown at 15 degrees C. The relative leaf chlorophyll content decreased significantly after heat stress in all cultivars at all growth stages. The elevated growth temperature (25 degrees C) accelerated plant growth resulting in early heading and reduced grain yield in comparison to ambient temperature (15 degrees C). (C) 2013 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.