Benzodiazepines for PTSD: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis

Objective: Although benzodiazepines (BZDs) are commonly used in the treatment of post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD), no systematic review or meta-analysis has specifically examined this treatment. The goal of this study was to analyze and summarize evidence concerning the efficacy of BZDs in treating PTSD. Methods: The review protocol was undertaken according to the principles recommended by the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses (PRISMA) statement and is registered with the PROSPERO international prospective register of systematic reviews (http://www.crd.york.ac.uk/PROSPERO, registration number CRD42014009318). Two authors independently conducted a search of all relevant articles using multiple electronic databases and independently abstracted information from studies measuring PTSD outcomes in patients using BZDs. Eighteen clinical trials and observational studies were identified, with a total of 5236 participants. Outcomes were assessed using qualitative and quantitative syntheses, including meta-analysis. Results: BZDs are ineffective for PTSD treatment and prevention, and risks associated with their use tend to outweigh potential short-term benefits. In addition to adverse effects in general populations, BZDs are associated with specific problems in patients with PTSD: worse overall severity, significantly increased risk of developing PTSD with use after recent trauma, worse psychotherapy outcomes, aggression, depression, and substance use. Potential biopsychosocial explanations for these results are proposed based on studies that have investigated BZDs, PTSD, and relevant animal models. Conclusions: The results of this systematic review suggest that BZDs should be considered relatively contraindicated for patients with PTSD or recent trauma. Evidence-based treatments for PTSD should be favored over BZDs.