期刊
ENVIRONMENT INTERNATIONAL
卷 68, 期 -, 页码 209-218出版社
PERGAMON-ELSEVIER SCIENCE LTD
DOI: 10.1016/j.envint.2014.03.029
关键词
Airway effects; Consumer products; Emissions; Ozone; Particles; Terpenes
资金
- projects EPHECT (emission, exposure patterns, and health effects of consumer products in the EU)
- European Union, Executive Agency for Health and Consumers under the sub-action: Healthy environments
- OFFICAIR (on the reduction of health effects from combined exposure to indoor air pollutants in modern offices) - European Union 7th Framework under the Theme: ENV.1.2.2-1 [265267]
Emissions of volatile organic compounds and ultrafine particles from a kitchen cleaning agent (cream) and plugin air freshener were investigated in a 20 m(3) walk-in climate chamber at low (similar to 5 ppb) and high ozone (similar to 50 ppb) test concentrations and 0.6 air exchange rate. The products emitted terpenes, inter alia limonene, dihydromyrcenol, geraniol, linalool, and glycol ethers. The ozone-initiated reaction products of these compounds were measured by air sampling on Tenax TA followed by thermal desorption GC-MS and air sampling on DNPH cartridges followed by liquid extraction and HPLC-UV analysis. Particle formation was monitored simultaneously. A number of oxygenated and poly-oxygenated reaction products were identified and risk assessed for acute airway effects: formaldehyde, acetaldehyde, acetone, 4-acetyl-1-methylcyclohexene, 6-methyl-5-heptene-2-one, 3-isopropenyl-6-oxo-heptanal, and 4-oxo-pentanal. These compounds generally increased initially at the high ozone concentration, while the terpenes decayed, concurrent with their consumption of ozone. At high ozone concentration, the plug-in air freshener resulted in concentrations of formaldehyde and 4-oxopentanal that may give rise to concern about sensory irritation and airflow limitation, respectively. At high ozone concentration, the kitchen cleaning agent and air freshener resulted in peak particle mass concentrations at 81 mu g/m(3) (8.5 x 10(5) #/cm(3)) and 24 mu g/m(3) (2.3 x 10(4) #/cm(3)), respectively. At low ozone concentration, the particle concentration peaked at 4 mu g/m(3) (1.0 x 10(5) #/cm3) after the application of the kitchen cleaning agent, while no increase was observed for the air freshener. The particles, in view of their organic composition and concentration, are not considered to cause acute airway effects. Testing under realistic conditions that mimic user pattern behavior is warranted to obtain acute and longer-term exposure data at realistic indoor ozone concentrations. (C) 2014 The Authors. Published by Elsevier Ltd.
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