Advanced charged membranes with highly symmetric spongy structures for vanadium flow battery application

Advanced charged membranes with highly symmetric spongy structures were specially designed for vanadium flow batteries (VFBs). These membranes are formed with a unique stack of closed cells consisting of positively charged ultrathin walls and combine excellent V ion rejection with high proton conductivity. They achieve impressive VFB performance in a wide operation current density range, further promoting the development of much needed energy storage.