Graphene-sponges as high-performance low-cost anodes for microbial fuel cells

A high-performance microbial fuel cell (MFC) anode was constructed from inexpensive materials. Key components were a graphene- sponge (G-S) composite and a stainless-steel (SS) current collector. Anode fabrication is simple, scalable, and environmentally friendly, with low energy inputs. The SS current collector improved electrode conductivity and decreased voltage drop and power loss. The resulting G-S-SS composite electrode appears promising for large-scale applications.