期刊
ENERGY
卷 60, 期 -, 页码 492-500出版社
PERGAMON-ELSEVIER SCIENCE LTD
DOI: 10.1016/j.energy.2013.08.029
关键词
Off-grid renewables; Lead-acid; Lithium-ion; Capacity fade; Wind; Variable charge
资金
- Carbon Mitigation Initiative at Princeton University
- National Science Foundation Graduate Research Fellowship
The effects of variable charging rates and incomplete charging in off-grid renewable energy applications are studied by comparing battery degradation rates and mechanisms in lead-acid, LCO (lithium cobalt oxide), LCO-NMC (LCO-lithium nickel manganese cobalt oxide composite), and LFP (lithium iron phosphate) cells charged with wind-based charging protocols. Poor pulse charge acceptance, particularly for long pulses, contributes to incomplete charging and rapid degradation of lead-acid cells due to apparent high rates of sulphation and resistance growth. Partial charging and pulse charging, common lead-acid stressors in off-grid applications, are found to have little if any effect on degradation in the lithium-based cells when compared to constant current charging. These cells all last much longer than the lead-acid cells; the LFP batteries show the greatest longevity, with minimal capacity fade observed after over 1000 cycles. Pulse charge acceptance is found to depend on pulse length in lead-acid and LW cells, but not in LCO and LCO-NMC cells. Excellent power performance and consistent voltage and power behavior during cycling suggest that LFP batteries are well-suited to withstand the stresses associated with off-grid renewable energy storage and have the potential to reduce system lifetime costs. (C) 2013 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.
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