Repair-Related Activation of Hedgehog Signaling in Stromal Cells Promotes Intrahepatic Hypothyroidism

Thyroid hormone (TH) is important for tissue repair because it regulates cellular differentiation. Intrahepatic TH activity is controlled by both serum TH levels and hepatic deiodinases. TH substrate (T-4) is converted into active hormone (T-3) by deiodinase 1 (D1) but into inactive hormone (rT(3)) by deiodinase 3 (D3). Although the relative expressions of D1 and D3 are known to change during liver injury, the cell types and signaling mechanisms involved are unclear. We evaluated the hypothesis that changes in hepatic deiodinases result from repair-related activation of the Hedgehog pathway in stromal cells. We localized deiodinase expression, assessed changes during injury, and determined how targeted manipulation of Hedgehog signaling in stromal cells impacted hepatic deiodinase expression, TH content, and TH action in rodents. Humans with chronic liver disease were also studied. In healthy liver, hepatocytes strongly expressed D1 and stromal cells weakly expressed D3. During injury, hepatocyte expression of D1 decreased, whereas stromal expression of D3 increased, particularly in myofibroblasts. Conditionally disrupting Hedgehog signaling in myofibroblasts normalized deiodinase expression. Repair-related changes in deiodinases were accompanied by reduced hepatic TH content and TH-regulated gene expression. In patients, this was reflected by increased serum r(T)3. Moreover, the decreases in the free T-3 to rT(3) and free T-4 to rT(3) ratios distinguished advanced from mild fibrosis, even in individuals with similar serum levels of TSH and free T-4. In conclusion, the Hedgehog-dependent changes in liver stromal cells drive repair-related changes in hepatic deiodinase expression that promote intrahepatic hypothyroidism, thereby limiting exposure to T-3, an important factor for cellular differentiation.