Seasonal and interannual variability of zooplankton vertical distribution and biomass size spectra off Ubatuba, Brazil

The analysis of plankton size distributions in response to physical and biological forcing is relevant to the understanding of marine ecological processes. In this study, we evaluated the influence of seasonal intrusions of the South Atlantic Central Water (SACW) on zooplankton vertical distribution and normalized biomass size spectra (NBSS) on the inner shelf off subtropical Brazil. Monthly sampling was performed at a fixed station for 5 years and zooplankton samples were analyzed with a ZooScan system. SACWintrusions led to increases in nitrate, chlorophyll and zooplankton biomass in different depth strata. NBSS slopes and intercepts varied between SACW intrusion and retraction phases and stratification was a key factor explaining seasonal fluctuations in NBSS parameters. The zooplankton interannual variability was related to the changing strength of SACW intrusions during the time series, as indicated by surfacing 18 and 20 degrees C isotherms in certain years and intrusion phases, indicative of transient upwelling. We conclude that the temporal components of zooplankton variability in this subtropical coastal ecosystem were governed by SACWintrusions, affecting the vertical distribution of zooplankton biomass and size structure.