Intrinsically conducting polymers in electrochemical energy technology: Trends and progress

The use of intrinsically conducting polymers (ICPs) like polythiophene (PTh), polypyrrole (PPy) and polyaniline (PANI) in devices and systems for electrochemical energy storage and conversion is briefly reviewed with a focus on an overview distinguishing between already established uses and potential applications. Basic principles in these three major fields are highlighted: ICPs as active masses. ICPs as conductance-enhancing additives. ICPs as auxiliary materials beyond conductance. (C) 2013 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.