Lithium ion diffusion in Li4+xTi5O12: From ab initio studies

Lithium ion dynamics in Li4+xTi5O12 spinel are investigated from first principles calculations. The diffusion pathways are optimized and the energy barriers of lithium migration under four types of dilute defect extremes: Li4+delta Ti5O12, Li4-delta Ti5O12, Li7+delta Ti5O12 and Li7-delta Ti5O12 (delta << 1) are calculated with the nudged elastic band method. Results show that lithium diffusion in the charged state (energy barriers are 1.0 and 0.7 eV for interstitial Li and Li vacancy diffusion, respectively) is much slower than in the discharged state (energy barriers are 0.13 and 0.35 eV for interstitial Li and Li vacancy diffusion, respectively). The diffusion coefficients are evaluated based on lattice gas model and hopping mechanism. The obtained results are compared with available experimental data within a two-phase co-existence framework (C) 2011 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.