期刊
ECOSCIENCE
卷 26, 期 1, 页码 23-33出版社
TAYLOR & FRANCIS INC
DOI: 10.1080/11956860.2018.1513387
关键词
Experimental human disturbance; flight initiation distance; flight responses; human density; road density
类别
资金
- Norwegian Environment Agency
- Swedish Environmental Protection Agency
- Austrian Science Fund
- Swedish Association for Hunting and Wildlife Management
- Jenny and Antti Wihuri foundation
- Ella and Georg Ehrnrooth foundation
- Kone and Oskar Oflund foundation
- Norwegian Environment Agency [12040017]
Human disturbance causes behavioral responses in wildlife, including large carnivores. Previous research in Scandinavia has documented that brown bears (Ursus arctos) show a variety of behavioral reactions to different human activities. We investigated how proximity to human settlements and roads, as proxies of human influence, affected brown bears' reactions to encountering humans. We analyzed experimental approaches to GPS collared bears, 18 males and 23 single females, in Sweden (n = 148 approaches) and Finland (n = 33), conducted between 2004 and 2012. The bears in Finland inhabited areas with higher human density compared to Sweden. However, the proportion of bears staying or moving when approached and the flight initiation distances were similar in both countries. In Sweden, the flight responses were not dependent on human densities or roads inside the bears' home ranges or the distances from the bears to roads and settlements. Brown bears in Fennoscandia live in areas with relatively low human population densities, but in many areas with high forestry road densities. Our results show that bears' flight reactions were consistent between areas, which is an important message for management, reinforcing previous studies that have documented human avoidance by bears at different spatial and temporal scales.
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