Tracking the lithium isotopic evolution of the mantle using carbonatites

Carbonatites are mantle-derived, intraplate magmas that provide a means of documenting isotopic variations of the Earth's mantle through time. To investigate the secular Li isotopic evolution of the mantle and to test whether Li isotopes document systematic recycling of material processed at or near the Earth's surface into the mantle, we analyzed the Li isotopic compositions of carbonatites and spatially associated mafic silicate rocks. The Li isotopic compositions of Archean (2.7 Ga) to Recent carbonatites (delta Li-7 = 4.1 +/- 1.3 (n = 23, 1 sigma)) overlap the range typical for modem mantle-derived rocks, and do not change with time, despite ongoing crustal recycling. Thus, the average Li isotopic composition of recycled crustal components has not deviated greatly from the mantle value (similar to+4) and/or Li diffusion is sufficiently fast to attenuate significant heterogeneities over timescales of 10(8) years. Modeling of Li diffusion at mantle temperatures suggests that limited delta Li-7 variation in the mantle through time reflects the more effective homogenization of Li in the mantle compared to radiogenic isotope systems. The real (but limited) variations in delta Li-7 that exist in modem mantle-derived magmas as well as carbonatites studied here may reflect isotopic fractionation associated with shallow-level processes, such as crustal assimilation and diffusive isotopic fractionation in magmatic systems, with some of the scatter possibly related to low-temperature alteration. (C) 2007 Elsevier B.V All rights reserved.