Sulfur isotope evidence for microbial sulfate reduction in altered oceanic basalts at ODP Site 801

The subsurface biosphere in the basaltic ocean crust is potentially of major importance in affecting chemical exchange between the ocean and lithosphere. Alteration of the oceanic crust commonly yields secondary pyrite that is depleted in S-34 relative to igneous sulfides. Although these S-34 depleted sulfur isotope ratios may point to signatures of biological fractionation, previous interpretations of sulfur isotope fractionation in altered volcanic rocks have relied on abiotic fractionation processes between intermediate sulfur species formed during basalt alteration. Here, we report results for multiple S-isotope (S-32, S-33, S-34) compositions of altered basalts at ODP Site 801 in the western Pacific and provide evidence for microbial sulfate reduction within the volcanic oceanic crust. In-situ ion-microprobe analyses of secondary pyrite in basement rocks show a large range of delta S-34 values, between -45 parts per thousand and 1 parts per thousand, whereas bulk rock delta S-34 analyses yield a more restricted range of -15.8 to 0.9 parts per thousand. These low and variable delta S-34 values, together with bulk rock S concentrations ranging from 0.02% up to 1.28% are consistent with loss of magmatic primary mono-sulfide and addition of secondary sulfide via microbial sulfate reduction. High-precision multiple sulfur-isotope (S-32/S-33/S-34) analyses suggest that secondary sulfides exhibit mass-dependent equilibrium fractionation relative to seawater sulfate in both delta S-33 and delta S-34 values. These relationships are explained by bacterial sulfate reduction proceeding at very low metabolic rates. The determination of the S-isotope composition of bulk altered oceanic crust demonstrates that S-based metabolic activity of subsurface life in oceanic basalt is widespread, and can affect the global S budget at the crust-seawater interface. (C) 2008 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.