Effect of smoking cessation for 1 year on periodontal biomarkers in gingival crevicular fluid

Background and ObjectiveThe aim of this 12 mo prospective study was to assess the effect of smoking cessation on periodontal tissue without periodontal intervention, using matrix metalloproteinase (MMP)-8, MMP-9 and interleukin (IL)-1 ss in gingival crevicular fluid, and nicotine and cotinine in saliva. Material and MethodsOf the 122 male smokers enrolled in a smoking cessation clinic, 11 quitters, nine non-quitters, six oscillators and 13 non-smokers participated in all experiments done at follow-up week 2, and follow-up months 2, 4, 6 and 12. The following were measured: gingival index; dental plaque index and sites of 3.5 mm < probing depth < 5.5 mm using a WHO probe for the full mouth; amounts of MMP-8, MMP-9 and IL-1 in gingival crevicular fluid of the upper anterior teeth area using enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay; and concentrations of nicotine, cotinine and hydroxycotinine in saliva using high-performance liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry. ResultsNo significant differences in MMP-8 and MMP-9 in gingival crevicular fluid were detected between smokers, quit-smokers, oscillators and non-smokers for 1 year. Only the amount of IL-1 showed that smokers (90.14 65.32 pg/mL) had a significantly higher value compared with non-smokers (37.70 +/- 40.90 pg/mL), quit-smokers (32.11 +/- 40.50 pg/mL) and oscillators (11.90 +/- 12.46 pg/mL) at 2 mo follow-up (p = 0.007). IL-1 had a positive correlation with nicotine (r = 0.351) and the cotinine (r = 0.376), nicotine (r = 0.492) and hydroxycotinine (r = 0.358), and hydroxycotinine (r = 0.413) levels at 2 wk and 4 and 6 mo follow-up, respectively. ConclusionsThis 1-year prospective smoking cessation study without nonsurgical periodontal therapy shows IL-1 in gingival crevicular fluid could have a positive relationship with the nicotine and cotinine levels in saliva.