期刊
DIABETES OBESITY & METABOLISM
卷 15, 期 -, 页码 71-81出版社
WILEY
DOI: 10.1111/dom.12162
关键词
apoptosis; candidate genes; cytokines; inflammation; pancreatic -cells; type 1 diabetes
资金
- European Union
- Juvenile Diabetes Research International
- Actions de Recherche Concertee de la Communaute Francaise (ARC)
- Fonds National de la Recherche Scientifique (FNRS), Belgium
- Education Department of the Basque Country
Genome-wide association studies (GWAS) have identified more than 50 loci associated with genetic risk of type 1 diabetes (T1D). Several T1D candidate genes have been suggested or identified within these regions, but the molecular mechanisms by which they contribute to insulitis and beta-cell destruction remain to be clarified. More than 60% of the T1D candidate genes are expressed in human pancreatic islets, suggesting that they contribute to T1D by regulating at least in part pathogenic mechanisms at the beta-cell level. Recent studies by our group indicate that important genetically regulated pathways in beta-cells include innate immunity and antiviral activity, involving RIG-like receptors (particularly MDA5) and regulators of type I IFNs (i.e. PTPN2 and USP18), and genes related to beta-cell phenotype and susceptibility to pro-apoptotic stimuli (i.e. GLIS3). These observations reinforce the concept that the early pathogenesis of T1D is characterized by a dialogue between the immune system and pancreatic beta-cells. This dialogue is probably influenced by polymorphisms in genes expressed at the beta-cell and/or immune system level, leading to inadequate responses to environmental cues such as viral infections. Further studies are needed to clarify how these disease-associated variants affect pancreatic beta-cell responses to inflammation and the subsequent triggering of autoimmune responses and progressive beta-cell loss.
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