期刊
DEVELOPMENTAL DYNAMICS
卷 240, 期 5, 页码 931-942出版社
WILEY-BLACKWELL
DOI: 10.1002/dvdy.22609
关键词
malformations; genetic heterogeneity; medical diagnosis; pleiotropism
资金
- Intramural NIH HHS [ZIA HG200328-06] Funding Source: Medline
Limb development is clinically and biologically important. Polydactyly is common and caused by aberrant anterior-posterior patterning. Human disorders that include polydactyly are diverse. To facilitate an understanding of the biology of limb development, cataloging the genes that are mutated in patients with polydactyly would be useful. In 2002, I characterized human phenotypes that included polydactyly. Subsequently, many advances have occurred with refinement of clinical entities and identification of numerous genes. Here, I update human polydactyly entities by phenotype and mutated gene. This survey demonstrates phenotypes with overlapping manifestations, genetic heterogeneity, and distinct phenotypes generated from mutations in single genes. Among 310 clinical entities, 80 are associated with mutations in 99 genes. These results show that knowledge of limb patterning genetics is improving rapidly. Soon, we will have a comprehensive toolkit of genes important for limb development, which will lead to regenerative therapies for limb anomalies. Developmental Dynamics 240:931-942, 2011. (C) 2011 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
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