Perfluorinated polymer for vanadium flow battery

The perfluorinated polymers (Nafion) that have different thickness were evaluated for vanadium flow battery at different current density. The charge/discharge capacities depend on the start voltage of charge/discharge at each cycle. The cell with low vanadium permeability and low area resistance may improve vanadium flow battery performance. The performance, such as energy efficiency, coulombic efficiency, and voltage efficiency of the Nafion membranes, shows the large difference at low current density than at high current density. This suggests that the area resistances and ion crossover are more sensitive at low current density than at high current density.