Degradation of polyamide reverse osmosis membranes in the presence of chloramine

Exposure to relatively low concentrations of chlorinated chemicals such as hypochlorite can reduce the performance and ultimately result in the failure of polyamide (PA) reverse osmosis membranes. Whereas the tolerance of PA membranes to chloramine solutions is considerably higher than that of hypochlorite, the presence of some metal ions can potentially catalyze and accelerate degradation reactions. Spectroscopic techniques are commonly used to qualitatively assess the chemical degradation of membranes by observing changes in structural peaks. This paper presents a technique to quantitatively evaluate changes in PA membranes exposed to chloramine by means of a peak ratio derived from a typical amide peak and an invariant peak in the same spectrum. The effect of some common metal ions and combinations of these on the peak ratio parameter derived from a typical amide peak is also reported. (C) 2011 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.