A clinically adaptable method to enhance the cytotoxicity of natural killer cells against B-cell malignancies

Background aims. Retroviral transduction of anti-CD19 chimeric antigen receptors significantly enhances the cytotoxicity of natural killer (NK) cells against B-cell malignancies. We aimed to validate a more practical, affordable and safe method for this purpose. Methods. We tested the expression of a receptor containing CD3 zeta and 4-1BB signaling molecules (anti-CD19-BB-zeta) in human NK cells after electroporation with the corresponding mRNA using a clinical-grade electroporator. The cytotoxic capacity of the transfected NK cells was tested in vitro and in a mouse model of leukemia. Results. Median anti-CD19-BB-zeta expression 24 h after electroporation was 40.3% in freshly purified (n = 18) and 61.3% in expanded (n = 31) NK cells; median cell viability was 90%. NK cells expressing anti-CD19-BB-zeta secreted interferon (IFN)-gamma in response to CD19-positive target cells and had increased cytotoxicity. Receptor expression was detectable 6 h after electroporation, reaching maximum levels at 24-48 h; specific anti-CD19 cytotoxicity was observed at 96 h. Levels of expression and cytotoxicities were comparable with those achieved by retroviral transduction. A large-scale protocol was developed and applied to expanded NK cells (median NK cell number 2.5 x 10(8), n = 12). Median receptor expression after 24 h was 82.0%; NK cells transfected under these conditions exerted considerable cytotoxicity in xenograft models of B-cell leukemia. Conclusions. The method described here represents a practical way to augment the cytotoxicity of NK cells against B-cell malignancies. It has the potential to be extended to other targets beyond CD19 and should facilitate the clinical use of redirected NK cells for cancer therapy.