TGF-beta Signaling in Cancer Treatment

The transforming growth factor-beta (TGF-!) belongs to a superfamily of cytokines that act on protein kinase receptors at the plasma membrane to induce a plethora of biological signals that regulate cell growth and death, differentiation, immune response, angiogenesis and inflammation. Dysregulation of its pathway contributes to a broad variety of pathologies, including cancer. TGF-! is an important regulatory tumor suppressor factor in epithelial cells, where it early inhibits proliferation and induces apoptosis. However, tumor cells develop mechanisms to overcome the TGF-! -induced suppressor effects. Once this occurs, cells may respond to this cytokine inducing other effects that contribute to tumor progression. Indeed, TGF-! induces epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT), a process that is favored in tumor cells and facilitates migration and invasion. Furthermore, TGF-! mediates production of mitogenic growth factors, which stimulate tumor proliferation and survival. Finally, TGF-! is a well known immunosuppressor and pro-angiogenic factor. Many studies have identified the overexpression of TGF-! 1 in various types of human cancer, which correlates with tumor progression, metastasis, angiogenesis and poor prognostic outcome. For these reasons, different strategies to block TGF-! pathway in cancer have been developed and they can be classified in: (1) blocking antibodies and ligand traps; (2) antisense oligos; (3) T! RII and/or ALK5 inhibitors; (4) immune response-based strategies; (5) other inhibitors of the TGF-! pathway. In this review we will overview the two faces of TGF-! signaling in the regulation of tumorigenesis and we will dissect how targeting the TGF-! pathway may contribute to fight against cancer.