Click Chemistry Under Microwave or Ultrasound Irradiation

The copper-catalyzed azide-alkyne cycloaddition (CuAAC) is generally recognized as the most striking example of click reaction. CuAAC fit so well into Sharpless' definition that it became almost synonymous with click chemistry itself. The most common catalyst systems employ Cu(II) salt in the presence of a reducing agent (i.e. sodium ascorbate) to generate the required Cu(I) catalyst in situ or as an alternative the comproportionation of Cu(II)/ Cu(0) species. Although, Cu(I) catalyzes the reaction with a rate enhancement of similar to 10(7) even in the absence of ligands and provides a clean and selective conversion to the 1,4-substituted triazoles, some bulky and scantily reactive substrates still require long reaction times and often few side products are formed. Outstanding results have been achieved by performing CuAAC under microwave (MW) irradiation. Several authors described excellent yields, high purity and short reaction times. In few cases also power ultrasound (US) accelerated the reaction, especially when heterogeneous catalysts or metallic copper are employed. The aim of this review is to summarize and highlight the huge advantages offered by MW- and US-promoted CuAAC. In the growing scenario of innovative synthetic strategies, we intend to emphasize the complementary role played by these non-conventional energy sources and click chemistry to achieve process intensification in organic synthesis.