Acute myeloid leukemia with mutated NPM1: diagnosis, prognosis and therapeutic perspectives

Purpose of review Nucleophosmin (NPM1) gene mutations, which cause aberrant cytoplasmic expression of nucleophosmin (NPMc+), are the most frequent genetic alteration in acute myeloid leukemia (AML), being found in about 30% cases. The present review summarizes recent advances in the biology, diagnosis, prognosis and therapy of NPM1-mutated AML. Recent findings Diagnostic criteria of NPM1-mutated AML are discussed in the light of its recent inclusion in the 2008 WHO classification of myeloid neoplasms. We also outline the most recent findings on prognosis and monitoring of minimal residual disease in NPM1-mutated AML and their implications for therapeutic decisions. Moreover, new insights are presented into the molecular mechanisms underlying perturbed nucleophosmin traffic in NPM1-mutated AML, which provides the rationale for the development of targeted therapies, Summary AML with mutated NPM1 is a leukemia entity with distinct molecular, pathological, and prognostic features.